In writing this history, we are indebted to all the scholars, archivists, and curators who have contributed to the growing field of photography studies in Canada. We are also grateful for the opportunity to write about the many wonderful photographers and artists who have worked in this country. Our approach to the field has been informed by conversations over the years with many thoughtful and curious undergraduate and graduate students, and we acknowledge the financial support of Western University and York University.
As we began researching and writing this book, the COVID-19 pandemic shut down museums, archives, and libraries around the world. An invaluable network of researchers, librarians, archivists, curators, and fellow scholars aided us with our continued work on this project. We would like to acknowledge the important contributions of our research assistants, including Blessy Augustine, Alana Duggan, Anahí González, and Bruno Sinder. Vanessa Nicholas made key contributions to the Techniques & Technologies section, and Melissa Alexander to Institutions. Special thanks to Jennifer Orpana, who assisted in too many ways to itemize.
Along the way, numerous colleagues shared their expertise, helped us access materials, and answered questions; in particular, we owe special thanks to Michael Moir, director of special collections at York University, and Tom Belton, head of archives and special collections at Western University. We are also extremely grateful to the reviewers for their invaluable suggestions and insights at different stages of the project and to editor Sarah Brohman, who helped us create a book that is accessible to a broad readership. We also thank Sara Angel, Jocelyn Anderson, Monique Johnson, Sarah Liss, and Simone Wharton at ACI. Lastly, we have learned so much throughout this process and enjoyed the opportunity to think alongside one another about photography in Canada.
Image Sources
Every effort has been made to secure permissions for all copyrighted material. The Art Canada Institute will gladly correct any errors or omissions.
The Art Canada Institute thanks the following for their assistance: Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston (Grace LeSurf); Alberta Foundation for the Arts, Edmonton (Kristin Stoesz, Neil Lazaruk); American Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian, New York (Matthew Heenan); Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Forth Worth, Texas (Selena Capraro); Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (Jason Martin, Vince Teetaert); Archives of Ontario, Toronto (Roberto Lima); Arnprior & McNab/Braeside Archives, Arnprior (Emma Carey, Laurie Dougherty); The ArQuives, Toronto (Daniel Payne, Lucie Handley-Girard); Art Gallery of Greater Victoria (Stephen Topfer); Art Gallery of Hamilton (Andrea Howard); Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto (Alexandra Cousins, Amy Furness, Tracy Mallon-Jensen); Art Windsor-Essex, Windsor (Nicole McCabe); Art in America – Bloomberg Holdings, Art Museum at the University of Toronto; BAND Gallery, Toronto (Claudia Pensa Bowen); Barkerville Historic Town Archives (Mandy Kilsby); Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia, Cherry Brook; BlackFlash Magazine, Saskatoon (Maxine Proctor); Boston Public Library; The Brechin Group Inc., Ottawa (Jacqueline Vincent); British Columbia Archives – Royal BC Museum, Victoria (Kelly-Ann Turkington); British Museum, London, U.K. (Lucia Rinolfi); Brock University Archives, St. Catharines; Canadian Heritage Photography Foundation, Mississauga (Gary Landa); Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (Shannon Mooney, Dominique Taylor); Canadian Press Images (Andrea Gordon); Canadian War Museum, Ottawa (Shannyn Johnson, Erin Wilson); Carleton University Corporate Archives, Ottawa (Shannon Hodge); Catriona Jeffries Gallery, Vancouver (Asia Jong, Steven Cottingham); Ciel Variable, Montreal; City of Toronto Archives (Paul Sharkey, Ariella Elema); Cole Harbour Regional Museum and Farm Archives (Heather Adams); Copyright Visual Arts, Ottawa and Montreal (Marcia Lea, Bernard Guerin, Jane Labiak); Cumberland Museum and Archives (Lia Tarle); diChroma Photography, Madrid, Spain (Anne Morin); Don’s Photo, Winnipeg (Natalia Medianets); Equinox Gallery, Vancouver (Chantelle Fawcett); Estate of Carl Beam (Anong Beam); Estate of Tess Boudreau Taconis (Lucy Medland); Estate of Lynne Cohen (Andrew Lugg); Estate of Sylvain P. Cousineau (Penny Cousineau-Levine, Zöe Cousineau, Dylan Cousineau); Estate of Charles Gagnon (Eames Gagnon); Estate of Fred Herzog; Estate of Yousuf Karsh (Julie Grahame); Estate of Minna Keene and Violet Keene Perinchief (Tom Sturrup); Estate of Roy Kiyooka (Fumiko Kiyooka); Estate of Arnaud Maggs; Estate of Panchal Mansaram (Mila Mansaram); Estate of Murray McKenzie (Debra Barrett, Sara McKenzie); Estate of Michael Morris (Rahmi Emin); Estate of Harold Mortimer-Lamb (Anny Scoones); Estate of Lida Moser (Eric Denker); Estate of Michel Saint-Jean; Estate of Michael Semak; Estate of Barbara Spohr; Estate of Ulli Steltzer (Michael Steltzer); Estate of Margaret Watkins (Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland); Family of Beverly Brown; Family of Ron Nelson (Martha Nelson, Rob Nelson); Family of Sam Tata; Feminist Art Conference, Toronto (Ilene Sova); General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada, Toronto (Laurel Parson); George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York (Bruce Barnes, David Howe, Alice Wynd, Alma Omerhodzic); Getty Images; Glenbow Western Research Centre, University of Calgary (Chelsea Ambler, Rowena Johnson); Glenbow Museum and Archives, Calgary (Nadia Singleton); Hidden Lane Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland; Historical Society of Ottawa; Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto (Craig Campbell); The Image Centre, Toronto (Paul Roth, Anna Jedrzejowski, Chantal Wilson); Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau (Kevin Sakolinsky); Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston (Maggie Goldstein); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (Jacklyn Burns); Japanese Canadian Artist Directory (Yukari Peerless); Kodak Brand Studio; Kule Folklore Centre – Bohdan Medwidsky Ukrainian Folklore Archives, University of Alberta, Edmonton (Nataliia Yesypenko); Lakehead University Archives, Thunder Bay; Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (Ellen Bond, Marie-Julie Hyppolite, Eric Mineault, Katherine Sears, Annabelle Schattmann, DigiLab); Maclean’s Archives, St. Joseph’s Communications Media, Toronto; Magnum Photos, New York (Michael Shulman); McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal (Anne-Frédérique Beaulieu-Plamondon); McMaster Museum of Art, Hamilton (Julie Bronson, Rhéanne Chartrand, Carol Podedworny); Montreal Camera Club (Cindy Canavan); Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Marie-Claude Saia, Jacques Des Rochers); Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Teresa Sudeyko); Multicultural History Society of Ontario, Toronto (Dennis Moore, Elizabeth Price); Museum of Contemporary Art, Montreal (Florence Morissette, Alexandra Derome); Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City (Julie Bouffard, Caroline Dutil); Museum London (Victoria Burnett, Janette Cousins Ewan); Museum of Anthropology at UBC, Vancouver (Katie Ferrante); Museum of the City of New York; National Film Board of Canada, Montreal (Alexandra Hubert, Yvon LaRocque); National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (Raven Amiro, Andrea Kunard, Philip Dombowsky, Euijung McGillis); National Library and Archives of Quebec, Quebec City (Louise-Marie Ménard, Edwin Bermudez); National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. (Erin Beasley); Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri (Zak Meek); New York Historical Society Museum and Library (Eleanor Gillers); Newcastle University Special Collections, U.K. (Elaine Archbold, Mick Sharp); Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (Linda Reid); Nova Scotia Archives, Halifax (Jessica Kilford); NWT Archives, Yellowknife (Robin Weber); Pace Gallery, New York (Vince Wilcke); Polygon Gallery, North Vancouver (Jessica Bouchard, Diane Evans); Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton; Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa (Sonya Jones); The Rooms Provincial Archives Division, St. John’s (Beverly Bennett, Beck Gilmer-Osborne); Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Nicola Woods, Deepali Dewan); Salt Spring Island Archives (Ceridwen Ross Collins); Saskatoon Public Library; Science Museum Group, London, U.K.; Simon Fraser University Library Special Collections, Burnaby (David Kloepfer); Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto (Stephen Bulger, Lisette Markiewicz, Robyn Zolnai); Studio Sixty Six, Ottawa (Ginny Stovel); Sunshine Coast Museum and Archives, Gibsons (Matthew Lovegrove, Allie Rose Bartlett); Toronto Metropolitan University Archives (Olivia Wong); Toronto Public Library (Beau Levitt, Christopher Coutlee, Eric Schwab); University of Lethbridge Art Gallery (Juliet Graham); University of Manitoba Archives, Winnipeg (Brian Hubner, James Kominowski); University of Victoria Legacy Art Galleries (Anahita Ranjbar); Vancouver Art Gallery (Danielle Currie); Vancouver Public Library; Victoria and Albert Museum, London, U.K. (Freya Levett); Walter Phillips Gallery, Banff (Jacqueline Bell); Western University Archives, London (Jean Hung, Tom Belton); Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (Kayla Cazes); Winnipeg Art Gallery (Nicole Fletcher, Shauna Matthews); Winnipeg Free Press Archives (Nadya Pankiw); Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven; Yukon Archives, Whitehorse (Kira Quinsey); Vikky Alexander, Raymonde April, Roy Arden, Barbara Astman, Kan Azuma, Ingrid Baxter, IAIN BAXTER&, Robert Bean, Claire Beaugrand-Champagne, Ron Benner, Chris Boyne, Jim Burant, Robert Burley, Edward Burtynsky Studio (Alanna Smith), Geneviève Cadieux, Michel Campeau, Lenny Campello, Dorothy Carseen (Chocolate), June Clark, Alvin Comiter, Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge, Sorel Cohen, Marlene Creates, Mollie Cronin, Ray Cronin, Donigan Cumming, Michael de Courcy, Barbara Deans, Stan Denniston, Pierre Dessureault, Jennifer Dickson, Christos Dikeakos, Judith Eglington, Evergon, Alyssa Fearon, Robert Frank Foundation, Cees van Gemerden, Michelle Gewurtz, Angela Grauerholz, Sunil Gupta, Clara Gutsche, Pamela Harris, Jamelie Hassan, Thaddeus Holownia, Susan Hopkins, Geoffrey James, Sam Kanga, Gemey Kelly, Suzy Lake, Jeanette Langmann, Ruth Less, Nina Levitt, Keith Lock, Henry Lu, Ken Lum, Ian MacEachern, Rod MacIvor, Doug Maclean, Susan McEachern, Robert Minden, Murray Mosher, Claire Mulholland, Andrea Nelson, Jaime Nesrallah, Linh Nguyen, Shelley Niro, Arthur Nishimura, Irv Osterer, John Paskievich, Marian Penner Bancroft, Pauline Petit, James Russell, Michael Schreier; Allan Sekula Studio (Ina Steiner); Orest Semchishen, Sandra Semchuk, Michael Snow Studio (Peggy Gale, Mani Mazinani); Greg Staats, Susan Stewart, Shin Sugino, Maia Sutnik, Andrea Szilasi, Gabor Szilasi, Norman Takeuchi, Michael Torosian, Serge Tousignant, Larry Towell, Ann Thomas, Jeff Thomas, Bill Vazan, Jeff Wall, Ian Wallace, Paul Wong.
ACI recognizes the additional private collectors who have given permission for their works to be published in this edition.
Credits for Cover Images
Chinese man in Revolutionary background, 1912, by C.D. Hoy. (See below for details.)
The Rebel, 1987, by Shelley Niro. (See below for details.)
Spring inundation on Saint Lawrence River near Montreal, Quebec, c.1865, by Alexander Henderson. (See below for details.)
Credits for Banner Images
Preface: Sunil Gupta, Sunil with Fakroon, 1975. (See below for details.)
Historical Overview: Hugh Lee Pattinson, The Horseshoe Falls, part of Niagara Falls, 1840. (See below for details.)
Key Photographers: Margaret Watkins, “The Well Groomed Woman’s Manicure,” Cutex advertisement (detail), 1925. (See below for details.)
Institutions: Michel Lambeth, Union Station, 1957. (See below for details.)
Genres & Critical Issues: George Hunter, Dofasco and Stelco Steel Mills, Hamilton, Ontario, 1954. (See below for details.)
Techniques & Technologies: Evergon, Homage to the Old Man in Red Turban — The Burning of the Heretics, 1985. (See below for details.)
Sources & Resources: Edward Burtynsky, Railcuts #8 (Red hill, C.N. train) C.N. Track, Thompson River, British Columbia, 1985. (See below for details.)
Where to See: View of the People Tree at Expo 67 in Montreal, 1967. (See below for details.)
Copyright & Credits: Rosemary Gilliat Eaton, Inuk woman, Annie Jonas, carrying a baby, Joseph Jonas, on her back, Kuujjuaq, Quebec, c.June–September, 1960. (See below for details.)
Credits for Images
Abraham Plante, Trapper, 1930s, by James Brady. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (PA-2218-26). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.
Administrative routine is handled in the camp Commission offices by second-generation Japanese, 1943, by Jack Long. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5078613). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Advertisement for the Kodak Camera, 1890, by Eastman Company. Collection of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York (2003.1266.0032). Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum.
Advertisement for Mrs. Fletcher’s services as a “Professor and Teacher of the Photogenic Art,” featured in the Montreal Transcript, September 16, 1841. Courtesy of Luminous-lint.
Advertisement for Vallée’s Views of Quebec, 1878, by Louis-Prudent Vallée. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Michel Lessard collection (2006.1413). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Aggeok Pitseolak, Ashevak, Johnniebo and an Inuit woman dragging a dead seal, c.1940–60, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-330). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Aggeok Pitseolak wearing a beaded amauti, c.1940–60, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-684). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Agnes Street Poulterer’s Establishment, 1910, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 73–49). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Alariak gathering wood. Although her name was Alariak, everybody called her Alanaaq, 1949–50, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193993). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada and Stephen Bulger Gallery.
Around the Camp Fire, Caribou Hunting series, Montreal, 1866, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd. (VIEW-596.A). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Ashevak Ezekiel and Kooyoo Pitseolak leaving on the dog sled, c.1940–60, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-1625). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
At the Crosswalk I, 1988, by Ian Wallace. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1990 (30721.1-4). Courtesy of Catriona Jeffries Gallery, Vancouver.
Barkerville’s Hotel de France, before the fire of September 16, 1868, before September 1868, by Frederick Dally. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (A-02051). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Belvidère Lodge, from the illustrated book Maple Leaves: Canadian History and Quebec Scenery, 1865, by Jules-Isaïe Benoît Livernois. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Purchased 1957, Transferred to the Library of the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec in 1995 (1995.599.03). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Bill Barilko scores the Stanley-cup winning goal during overtime in Game 5 of the Stanley Cup Final between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens, April 21, 1951, by Lou and Nat Turofsky. Collection of the Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto, Imperial Oil – Turofsky Collection (000008494). Courtesy of the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Bloor Street Viaduct, Deck Looking West, July 18, 1917, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 10, Item 841). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
The Bluffs, Toronto, c.1918, by Arthur Goss. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3532255). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c.1838, by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
The Bounce, Montreal Snowshoe Club, QC, 1886, by Wm. Notman & Son. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd. (VIEW-2425). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Brewster-style stereoscope, c.1850, by unknown maker. Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York.
British Columbia Gems of the Year 1883, 1884, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (C-07409). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Brome Lake, Knowlton, Que., Falls at the Outlet, c.1905, by Sally Eliza Wood. Collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, Montreal (0003761771). Courtesy of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Brownie Box Set, c.1901, by Eastman Kodak Company. Collection of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York, Gift of Robert and Lynne Shanebrook (2021.0002.0001–0014). Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum.
Builders, c.1930, by John Vanderpant. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2006 (41964). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
A Busy Corner in Greenwich Village, Will o’ the Wisp Tea Room, Idee Chic (?), Aladdin Tea Room, c.1905–40, by Jessie Tarbox Beals. Collection of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library (PR-004-05-41). Courtesy of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library.
Canada, “the Bread-Mother” of the World, 1922, by Edith S. Watson. Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.
Canada East, portfolio from the maple box, 1859–60, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Mr. James Geoffrey Notman (N-0000.193.1-202). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum. Photo credit: McCord Stewart Museum.
“Canada: The Rich Earth” (National Film Board Photo Story 402A), November 2, 1965, photographs by Chris Lund, English text by John Ough. Collection of the National Film Board Still Photography Division Archive, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (65-6587). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Canadian National Exhibition—Entrance to the Manufacturers and Liberal Arts Building, c.1910, photographer unknown. Collection of the Toronto Public Library (37131055405153D). Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.
Canadian Pacific Railway Survey. In the heart of the Rocky Mountains. A snowstorm, 1872, by Charles Horetzky. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011067226-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Canadian Pacific Railway Survey. Northwest corner of Lake Tochquonyata showing the only rough portion subject to snow slides, British Columbia, 1874, by Charles Horetzky. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011067229-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Cape Trinity, Saguenay, c.1865–75, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1985 (29182). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Capt. Huyshe as “Cavalier of the time of Charles II,” Montreal, QC, 1870, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Museum Stewart, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by Maclean’s magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-43856.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Chamaenerion angustifolium (Fireweed), c.1910, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527/II/A/PS 1 – 550). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.
Child and Nurse, 1906, by Arthur Goss. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3206530). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Children. A Gym in Your Own Backyard, July 10, 1942, by Conrad Poirier. Collection of the National Library and Archives of Quebec, Montreal (P48 S1 P7518). Courtesy of the National Library and Archives of Quebec.
Children at St. Michael’s Indian Residential School, 1937–49, by Beverly Brown. Collection of the Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Courtesy of the Museum of Anthropology. Reproduced with permission of the Brown family.
Chinese man in Revolutionary background, 1912, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkervillle Historic Town Archives (P1687). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.
Close-up portrait of a chickadee taking a sunflower seed from Dorothy Stotesbury’s mouth. Shilly Shally Lodge, Gatineau Park, c.1958, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4311382). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Coldstream — Hops Going to Market, c.1896–97, by Ishbel Maria Gordon (Lady Aberdeen), Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Mary and Clarke Ketchum, Smiths Falls, Ontario, 1980 (PSC97:202:25A). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Collecting Ground for Dinosaur Remains in the Badlands of Southern Alberta, early twentieth century, photographer unknown. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (IMG2011-0036-0691-LS). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Community of Akalvik, NWT, 1930, by Archibald Lang Fleming. Collection of the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada, Toronto. Courtesy of the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.
A colourized or tinted postcard photo of the Union Steamship Company vessel S.S. Capilano docked at Keats Island, 1930, by Helen McCall. Collection of the Sunshine Coast Museum and Archives, Gibsons, B.C. (Object 1221). Courtesy of the Sunshine Coast Museum and Archives.
Cover of BlackFlash magazine 2, no. 2, Summer 1984. Cover photo: Orest Semchishen. Courtesy of BlackFlash magazine, Saskatoon.
Cover of Canadian Photographer, March 1961 (Toronto: Photo Equipment Publications, 1961). Courtesy of Toronto Public Library.
Cover of Image 2: Photography / Photographie Canada (Ottawa: National Film Board, 1967), by Jeremy Taylor. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives. Photo credit: NGC.
Cover of OVO magazine, no. 4, September 1971. Cover photo: Peter Höfle. Courtesy of abibliodocs / AbeBooks.com.
Cover of The St. Louis and Canadian Photographer (St. Louis, MO, United States), Volume 6, Issue 4 (April 1988). Collection of the George Eastman Museum Library, Rochester, New York (TR15.H578 Reel P114). Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum.
C.P.R. (Canadian Pacific Railway)—Open observation car, the porter is selling goggles against the dust of the engine, 1933, by Felix H. Man. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011297599). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Cutting on the 49th Parallel, 1861, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3241713). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Decorated Stoney teepees, Banff Indian Days, c.1930s, by Arnold Lupson. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (NA-667-863). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.
DGS “Arctic” frozen in the ice, Fullerton Harbour, Nunavut, April 1905, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (ND-44-10). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.
Distant view of Cape Dorset, c.1942–43, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-215). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
E.L. Laliberté posing with his high wheel bicycle, date unknown, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3392755). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Eastern Arctic, Flag raising at Craig Harbour, 1951, by Douglas Wilkinson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4820737). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Elaine Charleyboy and Chief William Charleyboy (Redstone), c.1910, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1583). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.
Emily Carr in her studio, c.1939, by Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Collection of the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria (1980.087.003). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria.
Evening Sunset on Black Creek, c.1900–01, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (PA-112002). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Evolution of a Homestead, c.1906, creator unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (C-126300). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Examining new arrivals in Immigration Examination Hall, Pier 21, March 1952, by Chris Lund. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5015386). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Fast, 1930s, by Brodie Whitelaw. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011202557). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Faverol, Normandy, 1914, attributed to Gabriel Lippmann. Private collection.
Female worker Pauline Renard stencils a case of 25-pounder shells ready for shipment at the Cherrier or Bouchard plants of the Defense Industries Limited, 1944, by Harry Rowed. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3197514). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Ferdinand Roy’s sisters baking bread in the oven, Pointe-à-la-Frégate, Québec, 1938, by Charles Marius Barbeau. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (81100, CD2003-0344-008). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Fifth Avenue at 25 Street (at dusk), 1906, by Jessie Tarbox Beals. Collection of the Museum of the City of New York (91.53.39). Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York.
Filmstrip Section, National Film Board of Canada, February 1945, by F.C. Tyrell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a193041). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
First Bell Cords (annotated photo album #2), June 4, 1928, by Thomas Glendenning Hamilton and Lillian Hamilton. Collection of the University of Manitoba Archives, Winnipeg (PC 12, A.79-41). Courtesy of the University of Manitoba Archives.
Five children playing funeral, c.1930–50, by George Johnston. Collection of the Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, George Johnston Fonds (82/428 #69 PHO 59). Courtesy of the Yukon Archives.
Fort and stores of the Honourable Hudson’s Bay Company, Fort Garry at the confluence of Red River and the Assiniboine, 1858, by Humphrey Lloyd Hime. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3243329). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
43 miles above Yale; an evening encampment at Boothroyds, Fraser River wagon road, c.1867, by Frederick Dally. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (A-03875). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Four-lens camera, c.1880. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Framework of tube and staging no. 8, Victoria Bridge, Montreal, QC, 1859, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Mr. James Geoffrey Notman (N-0000.193.127). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Freighter’s Boat on the banks of the Red River, MB, 1858, by Humphrey Lloyd Hime. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal (MP-0000.1453.4). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Galician immigrants, Québec, c.1911, by William James Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193424). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Gasoline Motor Flusher, 1922, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 70, Item 113). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Gems of British Columbia for the year 1884, 1884, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (G-05042). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Gems of British Columbia for the year 1887, 1888, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (C-07410). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Glimpses of Toronto, “Normal School,” late nineteenth century, by James Esson. Collection of the Toronto Public Library. Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.
Governor General’s Northern Tour. Three Inuit men [Daniel N. Salluviniq (Sudlovenick), Joseph Idlout, Zebeddie Amarualik] holding Brownie cameras await the arrival of the Governor General Vincent Massey at Resolute Bay, N.W.T., March 1956, by Gar Lunney. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e002265651). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Grey Nuns, 1861, by George William Ellisson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1972 (21645). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
A Group Photograph, Tashme, BC, c.1943, photographer unknown. Collection of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (2001.5.1.10.5). Courtesy of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre.
A Group of Thunder Hill, Manitoba, Suffragettes Pose for Billy Beal’s Camera, c.1915, by William S. Beal.
Haney’s 2nd claim on the North side of the Saskatchewan River, Alberta, 1886, by Joseph Burr Tyrrell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3372864). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Hannah Maynard and her grandson, Maynard McDonald, in a tableau vivant composite photo, c.1893, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (F-05031). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Hannah Maynard in a tableau vivant composite photo, c.1893–97, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (F-02852). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Harvesting Grain Crops, Arrowwood area, Alberta, 1927, by W.J. Oliver. Collection of the University of Calgary, Glenbow Archives (CU166181). Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.
Hauling Freight on Teslin Lake—Fur, Grub, c.1942–43, by George Johnston. Collection of the Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, George Johnston Fonds (82/428). Courtesy of the Yukon Archives.
The Haystack, April 1844, by William Henry Fox Talbot. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1975 (33487.31). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Helen Konek, c.1949–50, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011205256). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada and Stephen Bulger Gallery.
Helen Konek, c.1949–50, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011205255-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada and Stephen Bulger Gallery.
Helen Mallory Schrader photographing on her farm, near Borden, Saskatchewan, c.1910, by Leonora Schrader. Collection of the Saskatoon Public Library (LH-5258). Courtesy of the Saskatoon Public Library.
High Park toboggan runs, 1914, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 441a). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Hiker picking flowers beneath Vice President and President, c.1900–20, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527 / PS 1 – 343). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.
Hon. Donald Smith driving the last spike to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway, November 7, 1885, by Alexander Ross. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3194527). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
The Horseshoe Falls, part of Niagara Falls, 1840, by Hugh Lee Pattinson. Robinson Library Special Collections, Newcastle University (DAG/5). Courtesy of Robinson Library Special Collections, Newcastle University.
Hugo Viewegar’s wife, c.1913–14, by Hugo Viewegar. Collection of the Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton (PR2000.1304.0005). Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Alberta.
The Ice Boat, 1858–60, by Samuel McLaughlin. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192314). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Ice Cone, Montmorency Falls, 1876, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a138521k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Illecilliwaet Canyon near Revelstoke, 1886, by Édouard Deville. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3243491). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Installation view of the exhibition The Family of Man at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1955, by Rolf Peterson. Collection of the Museum of Modern Art Archives, New York (IN569.33). Courtesy of Art Resource, New York.
Intercolonial Railway, Southwest Miramichi Bridge, 1875, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4932862). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Interior of 109 Henry Avenue, Winnipeg; Blood-spattered kitchen after fatal stabbing with a pocketknife, 1922, by Lewis Benjamin Foote. Collection of the Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (P7404/6, Foote 1827). Courtesy of the Archives of Manitoba / Don’s Photo, Winnipeg.
Interior of the Livernois Gallery, c.1886, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of National Library and Archives of Quebec, Montreal (323811). Courtesy of National Library and Archives of Quebec.
Inuit Children Playing ‘Leap frog,’ Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, c.1962, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Courtesy of the Cole Harbour Rural Heritage Society.
Inuit woman, Kootucktuck, in her beaded attigi, 1903–5, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (ND-44-18). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.
Intersection of King and Yonge Streets, c.1930, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 10062). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Inuk child (Pauline White), c.1900–50, by Judith Pauline White. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5096780). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Iris Sloman Wedding Day Photo, 1939, by Richard Nelson Bell. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (RG 63, BUA002282542f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.
“The Italians in Toronto,” by Emily Weaver, The Globe, Saturday, July 16, 1910. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
James Ballantyne (extreme left) with members of the Ottawa Camera Club, c.1895, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a126331). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.
James Borcoman, Curator, Photography, National Gallery of Canada, September 1973, by Duncan Cameron (Capital Press). Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (074573). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Japanese woman holding deer head, before 1929, by Hayashi Studio. Collection of Cumberland Museum and Archive (C140-219). Courtesy of Cumberland Museum and Archive.
John Singer Sargent, 1920, by Sidney Carter. Collection of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, Gift from the artist, 1954 (ARC1954.1.2). Courtesy of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.
Kitkatla, 1881, by Edward Dossetter. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (D-07004). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Kiyoshi Shirimoto and his dog, date unknown, by Hayashi Studio. Collection of Cumberland Museum and Archive (C140-108). Courtesy of Cumberland Museum and Archive.
Kong Shing Sing on a horse on Barlow Avenue in Quesnel, c.1910, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1929). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.
Kwakwaka’wakw (Kwakiutl) woman spinning yarn and rocking cradle using cord tied to her foot; Boas (left) and George Hunt (right) holding up backdrop, Vancouver Island, 1894–95, by Oregon Columbus Hastings. Collection of the American Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian, New York. Courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian.
L’abbé Dominique-Alfred Morisset, 1894 or 1895, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec City, Gift of the Yves Beauregard collection (2006.931). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
La Porte Saint-Louis, Québec, c.1879–90, by Louis-Prudent Vallée. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Yves Beauregard collection (2006.1341). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Ladies at Tea, Oranges, and Cookies, QC, c.1900, by Sally Eliza Wood. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Sara Tauben (MP-1994.32.6). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Lat. 79 degree 16′ N. off Victoria Head, N.W.T. 1:30 a.m. 7th August 1875, looking S.W., 1875, by Thomas Mitchell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011074301-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Lat. 79 degree 25′ N. walrus killed in Franklin Pearce Bay, 10th Aug., 1875, 1875, by Thomas Mitchell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011074310-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Lawn Maintenance at Toronto Island, c.1910–30, by Melvin Ormand Hammond. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (F1075-22-1-5 / D-428). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.
Le Château Frontenac vu du parc Montmorency, Québec, c.1890, by Louis-Prudent Vallée. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of Pierre Lahoud (2014.16). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Lens Sector—Front taken over by Canadian Corps, October 1916, photographer unknown. Collection of the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, George Metcalf Archival Collection (CWM19940001-423). Courtesy of the Canadian War Museum.
La Famille Livernois à la fosse (« Le Trou »), La Malbaie, after 1870, by Livernois & Bienvenu (Élise L’Heureux/Livernois and Louis Fontaine/Bienvenu). Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Michel Lessard collection (2009.161). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Lonicera Bractulata, Fly honeysuckle, c.1896–1905, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527 / PS 1 – 548). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.
Looking for goat while baking bread (Camp at lower end of Maligne Lake), 1908, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527/PS 1 – 72). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.
Louis Riel, a prisoner in Major-General Frederick D. Middleton’s Camp, Batoche, Saskatchewan, c.May 16, 1885, by James Peters. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192258). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Louis-Joseph Papineau (1786–1871), politician, c.1852, by Thomas Coffin Doane. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3195235). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Lt. Col. And Mrs. Ferguson, Montreal, 1863, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by Maclean’s magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-5675.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
MacDonell farm, c.1898–1920, by Marsden Kemp. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (C 130-1-0-25-6 / I0013147). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.
Manitoba University Natural Science class, senior BA, 1893, by Rosetta Ernestine Carr. Collection of the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine Archives, Winnipeg (UM_MPC_2_0_025_001). Courtesy of the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine Archives.
Market Square, 1885, by Isaac Erb. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3306429). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Mary MacDonald, daughter of Sir John A. Macdonald, May 1893, by William Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3194701). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Mary Schaffer with horse, c.1907–11, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527 / PS 1 – 151). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.
Mary Wetrade tans caribou hide, Rae Lakes, NWT, August 1985, by Dorothy Chocolate. Collection of the artist.
Master Bryce Allan, Montreal, QC, 1866, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Mrs. Gertrude H. Bourne (N-1981.16.2). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Mattie Gunterman posed by a tree stump, 1899, by Mattie Gunterman. Collection of the Vancouver Public Library (VPL 2241). Courtesy of the Vancouver Public Library.
Mattie on hot stove, 1902, by Mattie Gunterman. Collection of the Vancouver Public Library (VPL 2276). Courtesy of the Vancouver Public Library.
Maun-gua-daus (or Maun-gwa-daus), alias George Henry (born c.1807), original chief of the Ojibwa Nation of Credit (Upper Canada) and interpreter employed by Indian Affairs, c.1846, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3198805). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Members of the Ahousaht nation with seamen in uniform, on a beach after fishing, 1874, by Richard Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (J-04536). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Memorial Service for Japanese Canadian Servicemen Killed in World War I, date unknown, by Hayashi/Matsubishi/Kitamura Studio. Collection of Cumberland Museum and Archive (C140-003). Courtesy of Cumberland Museum and Archive.
Mentzelia decapetala, 1898, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of the British Library Collection, London and Yorkshire, U.K. (HS85/10/9838). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
Michael Snow, Toronto, ON, 1960, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010955311-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Misery Absolutely Destroyed by Germans Before Leaving, March 1917, by William Ivor Castle. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3403797). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Monseigneur Charles-Félix Cazeau, c.1874–81, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Yves Beauregard collection (2006.852). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Monument to the Brave, Quebec City, c.1860, by Jules-Isaïe Benoît Livernois. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of David Ross McCord (M932.8.1.156). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Mr. Juchereau de St. Denis Lemoine is dressed as “Jacques Cartier,” March 1876, by William Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3477360). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Mr. Lazarnick and Mrs. Jessie Tarbox Beals about to ascend in a captive balloon to take midair photos at the 1904 World’s Fair, 1904, photographer unknown. Collection of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Missouri (N27835). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
Mr. O’Brien (who christened the Lake of Killarney) and his wife talking to Lord Aberdeen, c.1893, by Ishbel Maria Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair. Through Canada with a Kodak (Edinburgh: W.H. White, 1893, p.98).
Mrs. Juchereau de St. Denis Lemoine is dressed as “The Dominion of Canada,” March 1876, by William Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3200048). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Munitions workers (women) Toronto, 1927, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Series 2119, Item 15.41). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
A new process used to achieve graceful poses, June 5, 1856, by Honoré Daumier. Collection of Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Everett V. Meeks, B.A. 1901, Fund (1996.14.3). Courtesy of Yale University Art Gallery.
Newsreel and Press Photographers, Queen’s Park, 1911, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 8012). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Niagara Falls in Winter, c.1890, by George Barker. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1993 (37154). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
1919 Strike June 10th Portage Avenue, at corner of Main Street Crowd outside drug store, during street demonstration Tuesday afternoon, June 10, 1919, by L.B. Foote. Collection of the Winnipeg Free Press Archives. Courtesy of the Winnipeg Free Press Archives.
Notman & Fraser Photographic Studio, Toronto, 1868, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by Maclean’s magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-34684.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Notman & Sandham’s Room, Windsor Hotel, Montreal, 1878, by Notman & Sandham. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by Maclean’s magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (VIEW-782.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
One of Mrs. Maynard’s Victoria Police Department photos; Belle Adams, charged with the murder of Charles Kincaid; received five years for manslaughter, 1898, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (F-06721). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Outdoor baptism, 1st Lake (Lake Banook), Dartmouth, c.1892, by George H. Craig. Collection of the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia, Cherry Brook. Courtesy of the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia.
Outdoor portrait of Veronique Goulet, née Carriere, Cumberland House, 1949, by James Brady. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (PA-2218-358). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.
“Over Chilkoot Pass during the Gold Rush in Alaska. Thousands of gold seekers used this trail,” c.1898, by Eric A. Hegg. Collection of the National Archives and Records Administration Pacific Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
Padluk with one of her four children at Pipkaknak’s camp southwest of Padlei, N.W.T., c. February 1950, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193769). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Page from Lillian Lock’s scrapbook (5), c.1920s, by Lillian Lock. Collection of the Lock Family. Courtesy of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario, Toronto. Reproduced with permission from the Lock Family.
Page from Photographic Views of British Columbia 1867–1870 (Dally Album Number 5), 1870, by Frederick Dally. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (MS-3100.5). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.
Page from Reverend Edward F. Wilson’s illustrated family journal, 1868–94, 1887, writing by Edward F. Wilson, photographer unknown. Collection of Salt Spring Island Archives, Wilson Journals (989.005). Courtesy of Salt Spring Island Archives.
Page from a Topley Studio Counterbook (studio proof album), original negative numbers 129129-129148, March 1913, by William James Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3808092). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Page 21 of “Report of the Medical Health Officer dealing with the Recent Investigation of Slum Conditions in Toronto, embodying Recommendations for the Amelioration of the Same,” 1911, by Charles Hastings. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (charles-hastings-report-of-the-medical-officer-of-health) and Toronto Public Library Digital Archive (37131110346483D). Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.
Parliament Buildings under construction, centre block, rear view, c.1862, by Samuel McLaughlin. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192475). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Patin et raquette sur le Saint-Laurent, Québec, c.1870, by Livernois & Bienvenu (Élise L’Heureux/Livernois et Louis Fontaine/Bienvenu). Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Michel Lessard Collection (2011.157). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Peter Pitseolak with his favourite 122 camera, c.1946–47, by Aggeok Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-180). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Photograph by Susan Stewart from the exhibition Drawing the Line, 1988, by Kiss & Tell. Courtesy of SFU Library Special Collections, Burnaby (Image MsC 165-0-1-1-0-4).
Photograph of Charles Bell with Horse and Cart, St. Catharines, date unknown, photographer unknown. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (RG 63, BUA002281982f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.
Phryné, 1914, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3245232). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Playing Hockey on the St. Clair River in Sarnia, c.1890, by John Boyd Sr. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (I0003277). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.
Polly, an inmate at the Carleton County Gaol, February 1, 1895, by William James Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192318). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Portrait of the artist #1, 1980, by Raymonde April. Courtesy of the artist.
Portrait of a man, c.1870, by Alvira Lockwood. Collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven. Courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Portrait of a Woman, “after D(ante) G(abriel) R(osetti),” 1906–30, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a112216k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Portrait of Alexander Vidal, c.1850–70, photographer unknown. Collection of the Archives and Special Collections, Western University, London (AFC 49-37A, RC80823). Courtesy of the Archives and Special Collections, Western University.
Portrait of an unidentified First Nations man and two babies, c.1910, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1687). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.
Portrait of Clarence Abrahamson in a field of marquis wheat, 1915, by William S. Beal.
Portraits of Horace Sewell, John Duff, Ruth Sewell, William G. Sewell, Gertrude Bonner, Prince Albert and Twenty Unidentified Sitters, c.1885, photographer unknown. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1981 (23896.13). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Portraits of John, George and Sidney Bonner, and Two Unidentified Sitters, c.1885, photographer unknown. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1981 (23896.21). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Poster for Exhibition of Pictorial Photography in conjunction with Toronto Camera Club, 1917, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Subseries 41, Item 593). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
Princess Christian’s visit to the 2nd Exhibition of Canadian Pictures, Grafton Galleries, London, 1917, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3394829). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Promotional photograph: Woman with Ontario travel posters, 1930s, by Brodie Whitelaw. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5078801). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
R.A.A. Jones, de l’album de collection dit de Richard Alleyn, after 1865, by Eli J. Palmer. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of Charles Alleyn (2018.377.179). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
Rear, 81 Elizabeth St., May 15, 1913, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 32, Item 187). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
A Red Pine at Marshall’s Bay, 1904, by Charles Macnamara. Collection of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives. Courtesy of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives.
Red River, from St. Andrew’s Church, MB, 1858, by Humphrey Lloyd Hime. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal (MP-0000.1453.2). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Replacing burnt-out bulbs in outdoor sign for Magic Baking Powder, c.1920, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 3587). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Reverend Horace H. Hawkins, c.1871, by the Westlake Brothers. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (series F 2076-16-3-4). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.
Richard Macnamara and “ghost,” 1894, by Charles Macnamara. Collection of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives. Courtesy of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives.
Right Still Now, by James Inglis, frontis to The Philadelphia Photographer 3, no. 35 (November 1866). Collection of the Boston Public Library. Photo credit: Boston Public Library.
Rudyard Kipling, 1907, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3204773). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Rural scene, Île d’Orléans, QC, c.1925, by Edith S. Watson. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Stanley G. Triggs (MP-0000.25.1089). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Quebec from Point Levy, after 1865, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1985 (29175). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
School Children, St-Nil, 1964, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4298232). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Second Canadian International Salon of Photography, view of the exhibition room, National Gallery of Canada, 1935, by Clifford M. Johnston. CMCP Collection, Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a056886-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.
Self-portrait (Big Woody district, Swan River, Manitoba), c.1918, by William S. Beal. Collection of Robert Barrow. Courtesy of Robert Barrow.
Self Portrait in His Store, date unknown, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1906). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.
Self-portrait, World’s Fair St. Louis, 1904, by Jessie Tarbox Beals. Collection of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library (PR-004-01-0). Courtesy of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library.
17 Mile Bluff on Fraser River, c.1867–68, by Frederick Dally. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3247797). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Simon Bumberry with fishing equipment, halfway between Six Nations Indian Reserve, Ontario and Tuscarora Indian Reserve, New York, 1912, by Frederick Wilkerson Waugh. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (17123). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
The Sisters, c.1906, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3247176). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill, Montreal, 1885, by William Notman and Son. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd. (II-83124). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
The “Skating Queen,” c.1855, by William Notman. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2009 (42475.123). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Skidegate Indian Village of the Haida tribe in the Queen Charlotte Islands, July 1878, by George Mercer Dawson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4631345). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Snow Goose family Richard’s Island, 1938, by Lorene Squire. Collection of Hudson’s Bay Company Archive, Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H4-125-1-1 / HBCA 1981-28-12). Courtesy of the Archives of Manitoba.
“Some of the Little Citizens of Toronto’s Congested Area,” in Toronto World, March 9, 1913. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010788144). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Sons of England Fair, St. Albert and Edmonton, Alberta, August 23, 1907, by Gladys Reeves. Collection of the Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton (A7403). Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Alberta.
Spence’s bridge looking down Thompson River on the C.P.R., BC, 1887, by William McFarlane Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by Maclean’s magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (VIEW-1746). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Spread of a photo-essay on Toronto entitled “A New Look at a Controversial City,” by John de Visser, in Maclean’s magazine (October 26, 1957, 16–17).
Spring inundation on Saint Lawrence River near Montreal, Quebec, c.1865, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5067285). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Spuzzum River rapids, BC, 1871, by Benjamin Baltzly. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by Maclean’s magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-69917). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Stampeders ascending Chilkoot Pass with tents and supplies in the foreground, 1898, by H.J. Goetzman Studio. Collection of Lakehead University Library Archives and Digital Collections, Thunder Bay. Courtesy of Lakehead University Library Archives.
Start of the Slide Race, c.1910, by Elizabeth (Elsie) Holloway Studio. Collection of The Rooms Provincial Archives, St. John’s (A11-19). Courtesy of The Rooms Provincial Archives.
Stereo camera, c.1870, by Derogy. Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York.
Storm overflow Sewer, Barton Avenue, June 5, 1912, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 59, Item 47). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
“Take a Kodak with you,” date unknown, by Eastman Kodak Company. Collection of George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York (2005.001.03.3.093). Courtesy of George Eastman Museum.
Tashme Internment camp scene; Tashme, BC, c.1943, by George Kazuta. Collection of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (1995.109.1.12). Courtesy of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre.
Temples of Today, c.1934, by John Vanderpant. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011155050-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
The Terra Nova Snowshoe Club, Montreal, 1875, by William Notman and Henry Sandham. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1997 (38435). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Terry Ryan, Sheouak Petaulassie with a child, and a woman at West Baffin Co-operative, Kinngait, Nunavut, c.1956–60, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010836103). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Thomas Kirkpatrick and his family. Left to right: Thomas Kirkpatrick, a son of about 15 years old (George Airey?), a daughter (Helen Lydia?), Mrs. Thomas Kirkpatrick (née Helen Fisher), c.1855, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3195236). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Three Inuit women wearing beaded parkas in front of a canvas backdrop, Cape Fullerton (also known as Qatiktalik), Nunavut [Hattie (Niviaqsarjuk), Suzie and Jennie], 1904, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3239037). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Three young women wearing knitted sweaters seated on a bench in the snow. Rosemary Gilliat Eaton in the middle. Shilly Shally Lodge, Gatineau Park, 1965, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010950258-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Tintype of Black Woman with Feathered Hat, c.1880, photographer unknown. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (RG 63, BUA002284870f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.
Toronto Camera Club, c.1900–18, by Edwin Haynes.
Train on The Loop, Selkirks, British Columbia, 1886, by Oliver Buell. Collection of University of Calgary, Glenbow Archives (CU1116578). Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.
The Trottier Family at Fishing Lake, Alberta, 1936, by James Brady. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (PA-2218-122). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.
Twilight in a village in Rajasthan, 1963/68, by Roloff Beny. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3619420). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
“Types of Canada’s New Citizens,” The Globe, July 2, 1910. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Unidentified man with a cigar, c.1870–80, photographer unknown. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (BUA002284240f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.
Union Station, 1957, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4298097). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Untitled, July 1907, by Duncan Donovan. Collection of the Glengarry, Nor’Westers and Loyalist Museum, Williamstown. Courtesy of the Glengarry Historical Society.
Untitled, c.1930, by John Vanderpant. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2013 (45704). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, January 30, 1960, by Ron Nelson. Collection of Western University Archives, London (AFC 450-165 /A2535-2539). Courtesy of the Western University Archives. Reproduced with permission from the Nelson family.
“The value of all war production,” Canada at War 43 (February 1945): 50–51, produced by the National Film Board, photographs and text uncredited. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (756820556). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Veronica Foster, an employee of John Inglis Co. Ltd. and known as “Ronnie, the Bren Gun Girl” posing with a finished Bren gun in the John Inglis Co. Ltd. Bren gun plant, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1941, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193621). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.
Victoria Bridge. Abutment, Ice shove, c.1887, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3248419). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
View, taken from the hotel, of the exterior walls, lamps and grounds of the Banff Springs Hotel, 1930, by John Vanderpant. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa ( e008302229). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.
View of a woman shopping in a millinery store in Montreal, 1965, by Pierre Gaudard. Collection of the National Film Board Still Photography Division Archive, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (65-5583). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
View of Iceberg, August 16–23, 1913, by Edith S. Watson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010791400). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
View of the People Tree at Expo 67 in Montreal, 1967, photographer unknown. Courtesy of Flickr / ElectroSpark.
Waterfall, 1660s, by Jacob van Ruisdael. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1952 (5878). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Waterworks upheaval, 1893, by F.W. Micklethwaite. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 376, File 1, Item 29a). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Wharf and the Saguenay River at L’Anse-Saint-Jean (Quebec), 1886, by Samuel McLaughlin. Collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, Quebec City (0005222737). Courtesy of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
William, Jimmie, Ivan and Bruce Millar at St. Francis River, Drummondville, QC, 1888, by Annie McDougall. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Leslie Millar (MP-1974.133.176). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.
Winnipeg General Strike, crowds at Victoria Park, 1919, by L.B. Foote. Collection of the Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (Foote 1679, P7400/4; N2745). Courtesy of Archives of Manitoba.
Inuk woman, Annie Jonas, carrying a baby, Joseph Jonas, on her back, Kuujjuaq, Quebec, c.June–September 1960, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010975251-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.
Woman’s Dispensary, 18 Seaton Street—Baby Clinic, September 16, 1914, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 32, Item 339). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.
Women in rafters and man with brooms, 1902, by Mattie Gunterman. Collection of the Vancouver Public Library (VPL 2271). Courtesy of the Vancouver Public Library.
Yamato (Shashin Kenkukan) Photographers Club, August 1, 1915, by Shokichi Akatsuka. Collection of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (1992.20.6.a-c). Courtesy of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre.