COPYRIGHT & CREDITS

Acknowledgements

From the Art Canada Institute

The Art Canada Institute gratefully acknowledges the generosity of the sponsors of this book:

Presenting Sponsor
Scotiabank

Gold Sponsors
David Binet
Elizabeth and Rudy Kerklaan
Elian Terner and Poonam Puri

Morden Yolles

Silver Sponsors
Connor, Clark & Lunn Foundation
Jane and Michael Freund
Tim and Darka Griffin

Christine Laptuta
Larry and Maureen Lunn

Dara and Marvin Singer

Bronze Sponsors
Mike and Kim Downs
Michael Flux and Marnie Smith
Don Fraser and Jane Hudson
Carole and Howard Tanenbaum

We thank the Founding Sponsor of the Art Canada Institute: BMO Financial Group.

Finally, we acknowledge the generosity of all those who support the Art Canada Institute and make our work possible.

From the Authors

In writing this history, we are indebted to all the scholars, archivists, and curators who have contributed to the growing field of photography studies in Canada. We are also grateful for the opportunity to write about the many wonderful photographers and artists who have worked in this country. Our approach to the field has been informed by conversations over the years with many thoughtful and curious undergraduate and graduate students, and we acknowledge the financial support of Western University and York University.

As we began researching and writing this book, the COVID-19 pandemic shut down museums, archives, and libraries around the world. An invaluable network of researchers, librarians, archivists, curators, and fellow scholars aided us with our continued work on this project. We would like to acknowledge the important contributions of our research assistants, including Blessy Augustine, Alana Duggan, Anahí González, and Bruno Sinder. Vanessa Nicholas made key contributions to the Techniques & Technologies section, and Melissa Alexander to Institutions. Special thanks to Jennifer Orpana, who assisted in too many ways to itemize.

Along the way, numerous colleagues shared their expertise, helped us access materials, and answered questions; in particular, we owe special thanks to Michael Moir, director of special collections at York University, and Tom Belton, head of archives and special collections at Western University. We are also extremely grateful to the reviewers for their invaluable suggestions and insights at different stages of the project and to editor Sarah Brohman, who helped us create a book that is accessible to a broad readership. We also thank Sara Angel, Jocelyn Anderson, Monique Johnson, Sarah Liss, and Simone Wharton at ACI. Lastly, we have learned so much throughout this process and enjoyed the opportunity to think alongside one another about photography in Canada.

Image Sources

Every effort has been made to secure permissions for all copyrighted material. The Art Canada Institute will gladly correct any errors or omissions.

The Art Canada Institute thanks the following for their assistance: Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston (Grace LeSurf); Alberta Foundation for the Arts, Edmonton (Kristin Stoesz, Neil Lazaruk); American Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian, New York (Matthew Heenan); Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Forth Worth, Texas (Selena Capraro); Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (Jason Martin, Vince Teetaert); Archives of Ontario, Toronto (Roberto Lima); Arnprior & McNab/Braeside Archives, Arnprior (Emma Carey, Laurie Dougherty); The ArQuives, Toronto (Daniel Payne, Lucie Handley-Girard); Art Gallery of Greater Victoria (Stephen Topfer); Art Gallery of Hamilton (Andrea Howard); Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto (Alexandra Cousins, Amy Furness, Tracy Mallon-Jensen); Art Windsor-Essex, Windsor (Nicole McCabe); Art in America – Bloomberg Holdings, Art Museum at the University of Toronto; BAND Gallery, Toronto (Claudia Pensa Bowen); Barkerville Historic Town Archives (Mandy Kilsby); Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia, Cherry Brook; BlackFlash Magazine, Saskatoon (Maxine Proctor); Boston Public Library; The Brechin Group Inc., Ottawa (Jacqueline Vincent); British Columbia Archives – Royal BC Museum, Victoria (Kelly-Ann Turkington); British Museum, London, U.K. (Lucia Rinolfi); Brock University Archives, St. Catharines; Canadian Heritage Photography Foundation, Mississauga (Gary Landa); Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (Shannon Mooney, Dominique Taylor); Canadian Press Images (Andrea Gordon); Canadian War Museum, Ottawa (Shannyn Johnson, Erin Wilson); Carleton University Corporate Archives, Ottawa (Shannon Hodge); Catriona Jeffries Gallery, Vancouver (Asia Jong, Steven Cottingham); Ciel Variable, Montreal; City of Toronto Archives (Paul Sharkey, Ariella Elema); Cole Harbour Regional Museum and Farm Archives (Heather Adams); Copyright Visual Arts, Ottawa and Montreal (Marcia Lea, Bernard Guerin, Jane Labiak); Cumberland Museum and Archives (Lia Tarle); diChroma Photography, Madrid, Spain (Anne Morin); Don’s Photo, Winnipeg (Natalia Medianets); Equinox Gallery, Vancouver (Chantelle Fawcett); Estate of Carl Beam (Anong Beam); Estate of Tess Boudreau Taconis (Lucy Medland); Estate of Lynne Cohen (Andrew Lugg); Estate of Sylvain P. Cousineau (Penny Cousineau-Levine, Zöe Cousineau, Dylan Cousineau); Estate of Charles Gagnon (Eames Gagnon); Estate of Fred Herzog; Estate of Yousuf Karsh (Julie Grahame); Estate of Minna Keene and Violet Keene Perinchief (Tom Sturrup); Estate of Roy Kiyooka (Fumiko Kiyooka); Estate of Arnaud Maggs; Estate of Panchal Mansaram (Mila Mansaram); Estate of Murray McKenzie (Debra Barrett, Sara McKenzie); Estate of Michael Morris (Rahmi Emin); Estate of Harold Mortimer-Lamb (Anny Scoones); Estate of Lida Moser (Eric Denker); Estate of Michel Saint-Jean; Estate of Michael Semak; Estate of Barbara Spohr; Estate of Ulli Steltzer (Michael Steltzer); Estate of Margaret Watkins (Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland); Family of Beverly Brown; Family of Ron Nelson (Martha Nelson, Rob Nelson); Family of Sam Tata; Feminist Art Conference, Toronto (Ilene Sova); General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada, Toronto (Laurel Parson); George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York (Bruce Barnes, David Howe, Alice Wynd, Alma Omerhodzic); Getty Images; Glenbow Western Research Centre, University of Calgary (Chelsea Ambler, Rowena Johnson); Glenbow Museum and Archives, Calgary (Nadia Singleton); Hidden Lane Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland; Historical Society of Ottawa; Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto (Craig Campbell); The Image Centre, Toronto (Paul Roth, Anna Jedrzejowski, Chantal Wilson); Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau (Kevin Sakolinsky); Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston (Maggie Goldstein); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (Jacklyn Burns); Japanese Canadian Artist Directory (Yukari Peerless); Kodak Brand Studio; Kule Folklore Centre – Bohdan Medwidsky Ukrainian Folklore Archives, University of Alberta, Edmonton (Nataliia Yesypenko); Lakehead University Archives, Thunder Bay; Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (Ellen Bond, Marie-Julie Hyppolite, Eric Mineault, Katherine Sears, Annabelle Schattmann, DigiLab); Maclean’s Archives, St. Joseph’s Communications Media, Toronto; Magnum Photos, New York (Michael Shulman); McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal (Anne-Frédérique Beaulieu-Plamondon); McMaster Museum of Art, Hamilton (Julie Bronson, Rhéanne Chartrand, Carol Podedworny); Montreal Camera Club (Cindy Canavan); Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Marie-Claude Saia, Jacques Des Rochers); Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Teresa Sudeyko); Multicultural History Society of Ontario, Toronto (Dennis Moore, Elizabeth Price); Museum of Contemporary Art, Montreal (Florence Morissette, Alexandra Derome); Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City (Julie Bouffard, Caroline Dutil); Museum London (Victoria Burnett, Janette Cousins Ewan); Museum of Anthropology at UBC, Vancouver (Katie Ferrante); Museum of the City of New York; National Film Board of Canada, Montreal (Alexandra Hubert, Yvon LaRocque); National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (Raven Amiro, Andrea Kunard, Philip Dombowsky, Euijung McGillis); National Library and Archives of Quebec, Quebec City (Louise-Marie Ménard, Edwin Bermudez); National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. (Erin Beasley); Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri (Zak Meek); New York Historical Society Museum and Library (Eleanor Gillers); Newcastle University Special Collections, U.K. (Elaine Archbold, Mick Sharp); Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (Linda Reid); Nova Scotia Archives, Halifax (Jessica Kilford); NWT Archives, Yellowknife (Robin Weber); Pace Gallery, New York (Vince Wilcke); Polygon Gallery, North Vancouver (Jessica Bouchard, Diane Evans); Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton; Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa (Sonya Jones); The Rooms Provincial Archives Division, St. John’s (Beverly Bennett, Beck Gilmer-Osborne); Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Nicola Woods, Deepali Dewan); Salt Spring Island Archives (Ceridwen Ross Collins); Saskatoon Public Library; Science Museum Group, London, U.K.; Simon Fraser University Library Special Collections, Burnaby (David Kloepfer); Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto (Stephen Bulger, Lisette Markiewicz, Robyn Zolnai); Studio Sixty Six, Ottawa (Ginny Stovel); Sunshine Coast Museum and Archives, Gibsons (Matthew Lovegrove, Allie Rose Bartlett); Toronto Metropolitan University Archives (Olivia Wong); Toronto Public Library (Beau Levitt, Christopher Coutlee, Eric Schwab); University of Lethbridge Art Gallery (Juliet Graham); University of Manitoba Archives, Winnipeg (Brian Hubner, James Kominowski); University of Victoria Legacy Art Galleries (Anahita Ranjbar); Vancouver Art Gallery (Danielle Currie); Vancouver Public Library; Victoria and Albert Museum, London, U.K. (Freya Levett); Walter Phillips Gallery, Banff (Jacqueline Bell); Western University Archives, London (Jean Hung, Tom Belton); Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (Kayla Cazes); Winnipeg Art Gallery (Nicole Fletcher, Shauna Matthews); Winnipeg Free Press Archives (Nadya Pankiw); Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven; Yukon Archives, Whitehorse (Kira Quinsey); Vikky Alexander, Raymonde April, Roy Arden, Barbara Astman, Kan Azuma, Ingrid Baxter, IAIN BAXTER&, Robert Bean, Claire Beaugrand-Champagne, Ron Benner, Chris Boyne, Jim Burant, Robert Burley, Edward Burtynsky Studio (Alanna Smith), Geneviève Cadieux, Michel Campeau, Lenny Campello, Dorothy Carseen (Chocolate), June Clark, Alvin Comiter, Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge, Sorel Cohen, Marlene Creates, Mollie Cronin, Ray Cronin, Donigan Cumming, Michael de Courcy, Barbara Deans, Stan Denniston, Pierre Dessureault, Jennifer Dickson, Christos Dikeakos, Judith Eglington, Evergon, Alyssa Fearon, Robert Frank Foundation, Cees van Gemerden, Michelle Gewurtz, Angela Grauerholz, Sunil Gupta, Clara Gutsche, Pamela Harris, Jamelie Hassan, Thaddeus Holownia, Susan Hopkins, Geoffrey James, Sam Kanga, Gemey Kelly, Suzy Lake, Jeanette Langmann, Ruth Less, Nina Levitt, Keith Lock, Henry Lu, Ken Lum, Ian MacEachern, Rod MacIvor, Doug Maclean, Susan McEachern, Robert Minden, Murray Mosher, Claire Mulholland, Andrea Nelson, Jaime Nesrallah, Linh Nguyen, Shelley Niro, Arthur Nishimura, Irv Osterer, John Paskievich, Marian Penner Bancroft, Pauline Petit, James Russell, Michael Schreier; Allan Sekula Studio (Ina Steiner); Orest Semchishen, Sandra Semchuk, Michael Snow Studio (Peggy Gale, Mani Mazinani); Greg Staats, Susan Stewart, Shin Sugino, Maia Sutnik, Andrea Szilasi, Gabor Szilasi, Norman Takeuchi, Michael Torosian, Serge Tousignant, Larry Towell, Ann Thomas, Jeff Thomas, Bill Vazan, Jeff Wall, Ian Wallace, Paul Wong.

ACI recognizes the additional private collectors who have given permission for their works to be published in this edition.

Credits for Cover Images

*Chinese man in Revolutionary background*, 1912, by C.D. Hoy. (See below for details.)

*Nickel Tailings #34, Sudbury, Ontario*, 1996, by Edward Burtynsky. Courtesy of Edward Burtynsky / Nicholas Metivier Gallery, Toronto. © Edward Burtynsky.

*The Rebel*, 1987, by Shelley Niro. (See below for details.)

*Spring inundation on Saint Lawrence River near Montreal, Quebec*, c.1865, by Alexander Henderson. (See below for details.)

Credits for Banner Images

Preface: Sunil Gupta, *Sunil with Fakroon*, 1975. (See below for details.)

Historical Overview: Hugh Lee Pattinson, *The Horseshoe Falls, part of Niagara Falls*, 1840. (See below for details.)

Key Photographers: Margaret Watkins, *“The Well Groomed Woman’s Manicure,”* Cutex advertisement (detail), 1925. (See below for details.)

Institutions: Michel Lambeth, *Union Station*, 1957. (See below for details.)

Genres & Critical Issues: George Hunter, *Dofasco and Stelco Steel Mills, Hamilton, Ontario*, 1954. (See below for details.)

Techniques & Technologies: Evergon, *Homage to the Old Man in Red Turban — The Burning of the Heretics*, 1985. (See below for details.)

Sources & Resources: Edward Burtynsky, *Railcuts #8 (Red hill, C.N. train) C.N. Track, Thompson River, British Columbia*, 1985. (See below for details.)

Where to See: View of the *People Tree* at Expo 67 in Montreal, 1967. (See below for details.)

Copyright & Credits: Rosemary Gilliat Eaton, *Inuk woman, Annie Jonas, carrying a baby, Joseph Jonas, on her back, Kuujjuaq, Quebec*, c.June–September, 1960. (See below for details.)

Credits for Images

*Abraham Plante, Trapper*, 1930s, by James Brady. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (PA-2218-26). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.

*Administrative routine is handled in the camp Commission offices by second-generation Japanese*, 1943, by Jack Long. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5078613). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

Advertisement for the Kodak Camera, 1890, by Eastman Company. Collection of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York (2003.1266.0032). Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum.

Advertisement for Mrs. Fletcher’s services as a “Professor and Teacher of the Photogenic Art,” featured in the *Montreal Transcript*, September 16, 1841. Courtesy of Luminous-lint.

Advertisement for Vallée’s *Views of Quebec*, 1878, by Louis-Prudent Vallée. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Michel Lessard collection (2006.1413). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*African Appeal, Phyllis Marshall*, c.1935, by Violet Keene Perinchief. Collection of the Image Centre, Toronto, Gift of the Sturrup Family, 2020. Courtesy of the Image Centre. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violet Keene Perinchief.

*Aggeok Pitseolak, Ashevak, Johnniebo and an Inuit woman dragging a dead seal*, c.1940–60, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-330). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

*Aggeok Pitseolak wearing a beaded amauti*, c.1940–60, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-684). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

*Agnes Street Poulterer’s Establishment*, 1910, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 73–49). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Alariak gathering wood. Although her name was Alariak, everybody called her Alanaaq*, 1949–50, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193993). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada and Stephen Bulger Gallery.

Album-page showing elephant riding in Sri Lanka, 1957–59, by Margaret Corry. Collection of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Courtesy of ROM (Royal Ontario Museum), Toronto, Canada. © ROM.

Album-page showing scenes during a drive through the Trincomalee hills in Sri Lanka, 1957–59, by Margaret Corry. Collection of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Courtesy of ROM (Royal Ontario Museum), Toronto, Canada. © ROM.

*Américan Cloisonné* (detail), 1987–88, by Ron Benner. Collection of the Civic Plant Conservatory, Saskatoon. Courtesy of the artist. © Ron Benner. Photo credit: Brenda Pelkey.

*Amrita and Mrs. Sondhi*, 1986, by Ken Lum. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Ydessa Hendeles, Toronto, 1993 (37583). Courtesy of the artist. © Ken Lum.

*Anciana Dona Chencha (Old Dona Chencha)*, printed in 1999, by Reva Brooks. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Reva Brooks.

*André Kertész, 144 Views*, December 8, 1980, by Arnaud Maggs. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1993 (37045). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Arnaud Maggs. Photo credit: NGC.

*Andrea Szilasi in her bedroom, Westmount, Quebec, 1979*, 1979, by Gabor Szilasi. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1980 (EX-80-131). Courtesy of the artist. © Gabor Szilasi.

*Angels, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, Montreal, Quebec*, 1962, by Sam Tata. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1966 (EX-66-324). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Sam Tata. Photo credit: NGC.

*Aperion*, 1980, by Barbara Spohr. Collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (84.XP.674.14). Courtesy of the J. Paul Getty Museum. © Estate of Barbara Spohr.

*Are You Talking to Me? #3*, 1979, by Suzy Lake. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchased with the assistance of Art Toronto 2009 Opening Night Preview and the David Yuile and Mary Elizabeth Hodgson Fund and Greg Latremoille, 2009 (2009/101.1-.7). Courtesy of Suzy Lake. © Suzy Lake.

*Around the Camp Fire, Caribou Hunting series, Montreal*, 1866, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd. (VIEW-596.A). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Art is Political*, 1975, by Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge. Courtesy of the artists. © Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023.

*Ashevak Ezekiel and Kooyoo Pitseolak leaving on the dog sled*, c.1940–60, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-1625). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

*At the Crosswalk I*, 1988, by Ian Wallace. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1990 (30721.1-4). Courtesy of Catriona Jeffries Gallery, Vancouver.

*At the intersection of Saint-Flavien and Couillard streets, Québec*, 1950, by Lida Moser. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of François and Didier Morelli (2017.314). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. © Estate of Lida Moser.

*Atlantic*, 1967, by Michael Snow. Collection of the Art Gallery Ontario, Toronto, Purchased 1980 (79/339). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Estate of Michael Snow.

Attendees of the *VISIONS* conference, 1985, photograph by Cees van Gemerden. Courtesy of the McMaster Museum of Art, Hamilton. © Cees van Gemerden.

*Authorization*, 1969, by Michael Snow. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1969 (15839). Courtesy of the Estate of Michael Snow. © Estate of Michael Snow. Photo credit: NGC.

*Baba’s Garden, Hafford, Saskatchewan 1985-1986*, 1985–86, by Sandra Semchuk. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1986 (EX-86-353.1-17). Courtesy of the artist. © Sandra Semchuk.

*Barkerville’s Hotel de France, before the fire of September 16, 1868*, before September 1868, by Frederick Dally. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (A-02051). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Bathroom, Lotbinière*, 1977, printed 1979, by Gabor Szilasi. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Evelyn Coutellier, Brussels, 1988 (36096.18). Courtesy of the artist. © Gabor Szilasi.

*Bear at Higgins Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba*, 1989, by Jeff Thomas. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2001 (2001.46). Courtesy of the artist. © Jeff Thomas.

*Bear Portraits, Culture Revolution, Toronto, Ontario*, 1984, by Jeff Thomas. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Jeff Thomas.

*Beatrice Lillie*, 1948, by Yousuf Karsh. Collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London, U.K., Given by the photographer, Yousuf Karsh, 1984 (NPG P248). Courtesy of the Estate of Yousuf Karsh. © Estate of Yousuf Karsh.

*Belvidère Lodge*, from the illustrated book *Maple Leaves: Canadian History and Quebec Scenery*, 1865, by Jules-Isaïe Benoît Livernois. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Purchased 1957, Transferred to the Library of the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec in 1995 (1995.599.03). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*Bert General, my step-grandfather, husking white corn, Smooth Town, Six Nations Reserve*, 1980, by Jeff Thomas. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Jeff Thomas.

*Between Dreaming & Living #5*, 1985, by Vikky Alexander. Collection of the International Center of Photography, New York, Gift of the artist, 2000 (781.2). Courtesy of Tara Downs Gallery, New York. © Vikky Alexander.

*Bill Barilko scores the Stanley-cup winning goal during overtime in Game 5 of the Stanley Cup Final between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens*, April 21, 1951, by Lou and Nat Turofsky. Collection of the Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto, Imperial Oil – Turofsky Collection (000008494). Courtesy of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

*Biomechanics Lab—Biomechanical Models*, 1984, by Blake Fitzpatrick. Collection of the Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa, Purchased 1989 (1989FB41). Courtesy of the Robert McLaughlin Gallery. © Robert McLaughlin Gallery.

*Birds in Flight, Straits of Juan de Fuca*, 1965, by Roloff Beny. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1966 (66-5637). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Library and Archives Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Black Man Pender*, 1958, by Fred Herzog. Courtesy of Equinox Gallery, Vancouver. © Estate of Fred Herzog.

*Bloor Street Viaduct, Deck Looking West*, July 18, 1917, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 10, Item 841). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*The Bluffs, Toronto*, c.1918, by Arthur Goss. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3532255). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*The Boat*, 1973, printed 1976, by Sylvain P. Cousineau. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Evelyn Coutellier, Brussels, 1988 (36036). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Sylvain Cousineau. Photo credit: NGC.

*Boon Hui*, 1987, by Ken Lum. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Ydessa Hendeles, Toronto, 1993 (37584). Courtesy of the artist. © Ken Lum.

*Boulevard de Maisonneuve, Montréal*, 1969, by Michel Saint-Jean. Collection of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Gift of the heirs of Lucile Bélanger and Michel Saint-Jean (2017.726). Courtesy of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. © Estate of Michel Saint-Jean.

*Boulevard du Temple, Paris*, c.1838, by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

*The Bounce, Montreal Snowshoe Club, QC*, 1886, by Wm. Notman & Son. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd. (VIEW-2425). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Boxers at the Entrance of a Toronto Subway*, 1976, by P.Mansaram. Collection of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Gift of the artist (2015.75.20). Courtesy of ROM (Royal Ontario Museum), Toronto, Canada. © ROM and © Estate of P.Mansaram.

*Boys on Shed*, 1962, printed 2008, by Fred Herzog. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2010 (2010.84). Courtesy of Equinox Gallery, Vancouver. © Estate of Fred Herzog.

Brewster-style stereoscope, c.1850, by unknown maker. Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York.

*British Columbia Gems of the Year 1883*, 1884, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (C-07409). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Broken Egg Collection*, 1979, by Evergon. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1980 (EX-80-567). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Evergon. Photo credit: NGC.

*Brome Lake, Knowlton, Que., Falls at the Outlet*, c.1905, by Sally Eliza Wood. Collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, Montreal (0003761771). Courtesy of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

*Brownie Box Set*, c.1901, by Eastman Kodak Company. Collection of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York, Gift of Robert and Lynne Shanebrook (2021.0002.0001–0014). Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum.

*Builders*, c.1930, by John Vanderpant. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2006 (41964). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*A Busy Corner in Greenwich Village, Will o’ the Wisp Tea Room, Idee Chic (?), Aladdin Tea Room*, c.1905–40, by Jessie Tarbox Beals. Collection of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library (PR-004-05-41). Courtesy of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library.

*Canada, “the Bread-Mother” of the World*, 1922, by Edith S. Watson. Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.

*Canada East*, portfolio from the maple box, 1859–60, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Mr. James Geoffrey Notman (N-0000.193.1-202). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum. Photo credit: McCord Stewart Museum.

“Canada: The Rich Earth” (National Film Board Photo Story 402A), November 2, 1965, photographs by Chris Lund, English text by John Ough. Collection of the National Film Board Still Photography Division Archive, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (65-6587). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Canadian National Exhibition—Entrance to the Manufacturers and Liberal Arts Building*, c.1910, photographer unknown. Collection of the Toronto Public Library (37131055405153D). Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.

*Canadian Pacific Railway Survey. In the heart of the Rocky Mountains. A snowstorm*, 1872, by Charles Horetzky. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011067226-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Canadian Pacific Railway Survey. Northwest corner of Lake Tochquonyata showing the only rough portion subject to snow slides, British Columbia*, 1874, by Charles Horetzky. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011067229-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Cape Trinity, Saguenay*, c.1865–75, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1985 (29182). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Capt. Huyshe as “Cavalier of the time of Charles II,” Montreal, QC*, 1870, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Museum Stewart, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by *Maclean’s* magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-43856.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

Certificate of payment of head tax (Kwok Chee Mark), March 25, 1918. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (106434). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada. © Government of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of Library and Archives Canada (2023).

*Chamaenerion angustifolium (Fireweed)*, c.1910, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527/II/A/PS 1 – 550). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.

*Chateaubriand Avenue, Montreal, Quebec*, January 1975, by Barbara Deans. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1975 (75-X-699). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Barbara Deans. Photo credit: NGC.

*Chicago*, December 1965, printed 1966, by Dave Heath. Collection of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City (2012.39.18). Courtesy of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. © Estate of Dave Heath / Stephen Bulger Gallery.

*Child and Nurse*, 1906, by Arthur Goss. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3206530). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Children. A Gym in Your Own Backyard*, July 10, 1942, by Conrad Poirier. Collection of the National Library and Archives of Quebec, Montreal (P48 S1 P7518). Courtesy of the National Library and Archives of Quebec.

*Children at St. Michael’s Indian Residential School*, 1937–49, by Beverly Brown. Collection of the Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Courtesy of the Museum of Anthropology. Reproduced with permission of the Brown family.

*Children in Raincoats Blowing Bubbles, Paris, France*, 1967, by Michael Semak. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1969 (69-1585). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Michael Semak / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023. Photo credit: NGC.

*Chinese man in Revolutionary background*, 1912, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkervillle Historic Town Archives (P1687). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.

*Choreographed Puppet #3*, 1976/77, by Suzy Lake. Collection of Georgia Scherman Projects, Toronto. Courtesy of the artist. © Suzy Lake.

*Circular Walk Inside Arctic Circle Around Inuvik, N.W.T.*, 1969, by N.E. Thing Co. Courtesy of the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Gift of IAIN BAXTER& and Ingrid Baxter, 1995. © N.E. Thing Co. / Ingrid Baxter and IAIN BAXTER&.

*Civil Rights March, Ottawa*, 1965, printed 1995, by Ted Grant. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1999 (EX-99-93). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Ted Grant. Photo credit: NGC.

*Close-up portrait of a chickadee taking a sunflower seed from Dorothy Stotesbury’s mouth. Shilly Shally Lodge, Gatineau Park*, c.1958, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4311382). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Coldstream — Hops Going to Market*, c.1896–97, by Ishbel Maria Gordon (Lady Aberdeen), Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Mary and Clarke Ketchum, Smiths Falls, Ontario, 1980 (PSC97:202:25A). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Collecting Ground for Dinosaur Remains in the Badlands of Southern Alberta*, early twentieth century, photographer unknown. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (IMG2011-0036-0691-LS). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

*Columbia Ice Field, Alberta*, 1965, by Roloff Beny. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1966 (66-5619). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Library and Archives Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Community of Akalvik, NWT*, 1930, by Archibald Lang Fleming. Collection of the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada, Toronto. Courtesy of the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

*The Complete Prestige 12” Jazz Catalogue* (installation view), 1999, by Arnaud Maggs. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Spring Hurlbut, Toronto, 2013 (46196.1-828). Courtesy of the Estate of Arnaud Maggs and Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Arnaud Maggs. Photo credit: Gabor Szilasi.

*Confrontacion (Elodia)*, 1948, by Reva Brooks. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery. © Estate of Reva Brooks.

*Conspiracy of Silence* (detail), 1987, by Nina Levitt. Courtesy of the artist. © Nina Levitt.

A colourized or tinted postcard photo of the Union Steamship Company vessel S.S. *Capilano* docked at Keats Island, 1930, by Helen McCall. Collection of the Sunshine Coast Museum and Archives, Gibsons, B.C. (Object 1221). Courtesy of the Sunshine Coast Museum and Archives.

Cover of *Art in America (May–June 1969)*, April 30, 1969, by N.E. Thing Co. Courtesy of the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery Archives, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. © N.E. Thing Co. / Ingrid Baxter and IAIN BAXTER&.

Cover of *The Banff Purchase: An Exhibition of Photography in Canada* (1979), featuring *Lynn Chrisman, Vancouver Art School Student, Vancouver, British Columbia*, 1975, by Nina Raginsky. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1977 (EX-77-662). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Nina Raginsky. Photo credit: NGC.

Cover of *BlackFlash* magazine 2, no. 2, Summer 1984. Cover photo: Orest Semchishen. Courtesy of *BlackFlash* magazine, Saskatoon.

Cover of *Canadian Photographer*, March 1961 (Toronto: Photo Equipment Publications, 1961). Courtesy of Toronto Public Library.

Cover of *Image 2: Photography / Photographie Canada* (Ottawa: National Film Board, 1967), by Jeremy Taylor. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives. Photo credit: NGC.

Cover of *OVO* magazine, no. 4, September 1971. Cover photo: Peter Höfle. Courtesy of abibliodocs / AbeBooks.com.

Cover of *The St. Louis and Canadian Photographer* (St. Louis, MO, United States), Volume 6, Issue 4 (April 1988). Collection of the George Eastman Museum Library, Rochester, New York (TR15.H578 Reel P114). Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum.

Cover of *Transcanada Letters*, 1975, by Roy Kiyooka. Courtesy of Talonbooks, Vancouver. © Estate of Roy Kenzie Kiyooka.

*C.P.R. (Canadian Pacific Railway)—Open observation car, the porter is selling goggles against the dust of the engine*, 1933, by Felix H. Man. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011297599). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Crowd*, 1988, by Angela Grauerholz. Collection of the Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal, Gift of the artist, 1997 (D 97 63 PH 1). Courtesy of the Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal. © Angela Grauerholz.

*Cultural Parade with Posters of Mao Tse-Tung and Chu Te, July 4, 1949*, July 4, 1949, printed 1970, by Sam Tata. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1978 (EX-78-600). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Sam Tata. Photo credit: NGC.

Curtis Kuunuaq Konek interviews Elder Martha Otokala Okutak for Project Naming, Arviat, Nunavut, in the short documentary, *Project Naming – Every Picture Tells a Story*. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada. © Government of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of Library and Archives Canada (2023).

*Cutting on the 49th Parallel*, 1861, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3241713). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Daniel Spence, Lonesome Trapper, age 102*, 1984, by Murray McKenzie. Indigenous Art Collection, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs, Gatineau (306266). Courtesy of the Indigenous Art Collection, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs. © Estate of Murray McKenzie. Photo credit: Lawrence Cook.

*Dealey Plaza/Recognition and Mnemonic*, 1983, by Stan Denniston. Collection of Museum London, Gift of the Artist in memory of Jim Denniston, 2003 (003.A.52.1-.73). Courtesy of Museum London. © Stan Denniston / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023.

*Decorated Stoney teepees, Banff Indian Days*, c.1930s, by Arnold Lupson. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (NA-667-863). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.

*Design–Angles*, 1919, by Margaret Watkins. Collection of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas (P1983.41.3). Courtesy of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art. © Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland.

*The Destroyed Room*, 1978, by Jeff Wall. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1979 (23401). Courtesy of the artist. © Jeff Wall Studio.

Detail from *Oshawa, A History of Local 222, United Auto Workers, CLC (Part II) 1938–1945*, 1982–83, by Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge. Various collections. Courtesy of the artists. © Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023.

*DGS “Arctic” frozen in the ice, Fullerton Harbour, Nunavut*, April 1905, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (ND-44-10). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.

*Diana Boone, Toronto Society*, c.1940, by Violet Keene Perinchief. Collection of The Image Centre, Toronto. Courtesy of The Image Centre. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violent Keene Perinchief.

*Distant view of Cape Dorset*, c.1942–43, by Peter Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-215). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

*Dofasco and Stelco Steel Mills, Hamilton, Ontario*, 1954, by George Hunter. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of George Hunter, R.C.A, 2010 (2010/260). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Canadian Heritage Photography Foundation. Photo credit: AGO.

*Dolls*, 1940, by Violet Keene Perinchief. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violent Keene Perinchief.

*Domestic Symphony*, 1919, by Margaret Watkins. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1984 with the assistance of a grant from the Government of Canada under the terms of the Cultural Property Export and Import Act (20627). Courtesy of The Hidden Lane & The Hive, Glasgow. © Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland.

Double-page spread of *Open Passport*, 1973, by John Max. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of John Max.

*The Drain*, 1989, by Jeff Wall. Courtesy of the Jeff Wall Studio. © Jeff Wall.

*Duck over Pierre*, 1982, by Evergon. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1987 (EX-87-130). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Evergon. Photo credit: NGC.

*Duyen, Thien’s mother, learns French at the COFI (Orientation and Training Center for Immigrants)*, 1980, from the Thien & Hung series, 1980–95, by Claire Beaugrand-Champagne. Courtesy of the artist. © Claire Beaugrand-Champagne.

*E.L. Laliberté posing with his high wheel bicycle*, date unknown, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3392755). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*THE EARTHLY PARADISE: Homage to Claude Lorraine*, 1980, by Jennifer Dickson. Collection of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Gift of Jennifer Dickson, 1986 (39-067.078). Courtesy of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre. © Jennifer Dickson / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023. Photo credit: Bernard Clark.

*Eastern Arctic, Flag raising at Craig Harbour*, 1951, by Douglas Wilkinson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4820737). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Elaine Charleyboy and Chief William Charleyboy (Redstone)*, c.1910, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1583). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.

*Elder Mary Monias (100) from Cross Lake First Nation*, c.1967–96, by Murray McKenzie. Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery, Acquired with funds from the Estate of Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Naylor (G-97-175). Courtesy of the Winnipeg Art Gallery. © Estate of Murray McKenzie.

*Emily Carr in her studio*, c.1939, by Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Collection of the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria (1980.087.003). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria.

*Eunadie Johnson, Crisis Centre Director, Thompson, Manitoba*, 1985, by Pamela Harris. Courtesy of Pamela Harris. © Pamela Harris.

*Evening Sunset on Black Creek*, c.1900–01, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (PA-112002). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Evergreens and Mountains, CPR*, 1914–15, by Minna Keene. Collection of the Image Centre, Toronto, Gift of the Sturrup Family, 2020 (AG05.2019.1004:0839). Courtesy of the Image Centre. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violet Keene Perinchief.

*Evolution of a Homestead*, c.1906, creator unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (C-126300). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Examining new arrivals in Immigration Examination Hall, Pier 21*, March 1952, by Chris Lund. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5015386). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*An Extended and Continuous Metaphor No. 6*, 1983, by Sorel Cohen. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1984 (28471.1-3). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Sorel Cohen / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023. Photo credit: NGC.

*Fast*, 1930s, by Brodie Whitelaw. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011202557). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Faverol, Normandy*, 1914, attributed to Gabriel Lippmann. Private collection.

*Female worker Pauline Renard stencils a case of 25-pounder shells ready for shipment at the Cherrier or Bouchard plants of the Defense Industries Limited*, 1944, by Harry Rowed. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3197514). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Ferdinand Roy’s sisters baking bread in the oven, Pointe-à-la-Frégate, Québec*, 1938, by Charles Marius Barbeau. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (81100, CD2003-0344-008). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

*Fête religieuse portugaise, Montréal, Québec*, from the series Week-end au Paradis Terrestre!, 1980, by Michel Campeau. Courtesy of the artist. © Michel Campeau / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023.

*Fifth Avenue at 25 Street (at dusk)*, 1906, by Jessie Tarbox Beals. Collection of the Museum of the City of New York (91.53.39). Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York.

*Filmstrip Section, National Film Board of Canada*, February 1945, by F.C. Tyrell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a193041). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*First Bell Cords* (annotated photo album #2), June 4, 1928, by Thomas Glendenning Hamilton and Lillian Hamilton. Collection of the University of Manitoba Archives, Winnipeg (PC 12, A.79-41). Courtesy of the University of Manitoba Archives.

*Five children playing funeral*, c.1930–50, by George Johnston. Collection of the Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, George Johnston Fonds (82/428 #69 PHO 59). Courtesy of the Yukon Archives.

*Florence Davidson, weaving a cedar hat*, 1975, by Ulli Steltzer. Collection of the Legacy Art Galleries, University of Victoria (U997.33.78). Courtesy of the Legacy Art Galleries. © Estate of Ulli Steltzer.

*Formative Triptych* (detail), 1989, by June Clark. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchase with assistance from the Estate of P.J. Glasser, 2016 (2016/43). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © June Clark. Photo of Bessie Smith © Carl Van Vechten Trust.

*Fort and stores of the Honourable Hudson’s Bay Company, Fort Garry at the confluence of Red River and the Assiniboine*, 1858, by Humphrey Lloyd Hime. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3243329). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*43 miles above Yale; an evening encampment at Boothroyds, Fraser River wagon road*, c.1867, by Frederick Dally. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (A-03875). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

Four-lens camera, c.1880. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Four to Five*, 1962, by Michael Snow. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchased with funds donated by AGO members, 1991 (91/53). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Estate of Michael Snow.

*Framework of tube and staging no. 8, Victoria Bridge, Montreal, QC*, 1859, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Mr. James Geoffrey Notman (N-0000.193.127). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Freighter’s Boat on the banks of the Red River, MB*, 1858, by Humphrey Lloyd Hime. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal (MP-0000.1453.4). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Fruit Study*, c.1905, by Minna Keene. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2020 (48994). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violet Keene Perinchief. Photo credit: NGC.

*Fujiko Imajishi Rehearsing for a Canadian Broadcasting Commission Recording at St. James, Toronto*, 1973, printed 1974, by Walter Curtin. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1974 (74-X-1871). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Walter Curtin. Photo credit: NGC.

*Galician immigrants, Québec*, c.1911, by William James Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193424). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Guatemala. El Quiche. Nebaj (A soldier and a Catholic nun)*, 1988, by Larry Towell. Courtesy of Magnum Photos, New York (TOL1987003W00044/11). © Larry Towell / Magnum Photos.

*Gasoline Motor Flusher*, 1922, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 70, Item 113). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Gathering/Spring Fishing* (detail), 1999, by Jimmy Manning. Collection of the Canada Council Art Bank, Ottawa (03/4-0027). Courtesy of the Canada Council Art Bank. Reproduced with permission from Dorset Fine Arts. © Jimmy Manning. Photo credit: Brandon Clarida Image Services.

*Gems of British Columbia for the year 1884*, 1884, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (G-05042). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Gems of British Columbia for the year 1887*, 1888, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (C-07410). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Glenn Gould*, 1957, by Yousuf Karsh. Courtesy of the Estate of Yousuf Karsh. © Estate of Yousuf Karsh.

*Glimpses of Toronto*, “Normal School,” late nineteenth century, by James Esson. Collection of the Toronto Public Library. Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.

*Government Employment Office, Ottawa, Ontario*, 1977, by Lynne Cohen. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1980 (EX-80-113). Courtesy of the Estate of Lynne Cohen. © Estate of Lynne Cohen.

Governor General’s Northern Tour. Three Inuit men [Daniel N. Salluviniq (Sudlovenick), Joseph Idlout, Zebeddie Amarualik] holding Brownie cameras await the arrival of the Governor General Vincent Massey at Resolute Bay, N.W.T., March 1956, by Gar Lunney. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e002265651). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Grey Nuns*, 1861, by George William Ellisson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1972 (21645). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*A Group Photograph, Tashme, BC*, c.1943, photographer unknown. Collection of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (2001.5.1.10.5). Courtesy of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre.

*A Group of Thunder Hill, Manitoba, Suffragettes Pose for Billy Beal’s Camera*, c.1915, by William S. Beal.

*Haida woman plaiting a hat in Haida Gwaii*, 1881, by Edward Dossetter. Collection of the British Museum, London, U.K. (695432001). Courtesy of the British Museum. © The Trustees of the British Museum.

*“Hair Haven” Beauty Salon, Watertown, New York*, 1974, by Lynne Cohen. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1975 (75-X-1103 [dup1]). Courtesy of the Estate of Lynne Cohen. © Estate of Lynne Cohen.

*Haney’s 2nd claim on the North side of the Saskatchewan River, Alberta*, 1886, by Joseph Burr Tyrrell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3372864). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Hannah Maynard and her grandson, Maynard McDonald, in a tableau vivant composite photo*, c.1893, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (F-05031). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Hannah Maynard in a tableau vivant composite photo*, c.1893–97, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (F-02852). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Harrison*, 1989, by Angela Grauerholz. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of Alison and Alan Schwartz, 1999 (99/652). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Angela Grauerholz.

*Harvesters*, c.1905, printed c.1920, by Minna Keene. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2020 (48991). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violet Keene Perinchief. Photo credit: NGC.

*Harvesting Grain Crops, Arrowwood area, Alberta*, 1927, by W.J. Oliver. Collection of the University of Calgary, Glenbow Archives (CU166181). Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

*Hauling Freight on Teslin Lake—Fur, Grub*, c.1942–43, by George Johnston. Collection of the Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, George Johnston Fonds (82/428). Courtesy of the Yukon Archives.

*The Haystack*, April 1844, by William Henry Fox Talbot. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1975 (33487.31). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Helen Konek*, c.1949–50, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011205256). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada and Stephen Bulger Gallery.

*Helen Konek*, c.1949–50, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011205255-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada and Stephen Bulger Gallery.

*Helen Mallory Schrader photographing on her farm, near Borden, Saskatchewan*, c.1910, by Leonora Schrader. Collection of the Saskatoon Public Library (LH-5258). Courtesy of the Saskatoon Public Library.

*Henry Moore (collage), Much Hadham, England*, 1966–72, by Arnold Newman. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchase, 1978 (77/178). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Arnold Newman Properties / Getty Images 2023.

*High Park toboggan runs*, 1914, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 441a). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Hiker picking flowers beneath Vice President and President*, c.1900–20, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527 / PS 1 – 343). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.

*Holland Antiques, Buffalo, New York*, 1982, by Jeff Thomas. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Jeff Thomas.

*Holy Ghost Ukrainian Church, Derwent, Alberta*, 1974, printed 1990, by Orest Semchishen. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1990 (EX-90-138). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Orest Semchishen.

*Homage to the Old Man in Red Turban — The Burning of the Heretics*, 1985, by Evergon. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1986 (EX-86-14). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Evergon. Photo credit: NGC.

*Homesteads #32, West of Merritt, British Columbia*, 1985, by Edward Burtynsky. Courtesy of Edward Burtynsky / Nicholas Metivier Gallery, Toronto. © Edward Burtynsky.

*Hon. Donald Smith driving the last spike to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway*, November 7, 1885, by Alexander Ross. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3194527). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Hon Lu standing in Narita International Airport, Tokyo, during a stop-over on the way to Canada, surrounded by the family’s luggage*, date unknown, by Luong Thai Lu. Courtesy of ROM (Royal Ontario Museum), Toronto, Canada. © ROM.

*Hugh McIntyre, Art Pratten, John Clement, Murray Favro, Archie Leitch, Bill Exley, Greg Curnoe, John Boyle, Nihilist Spasm Band, York Hotel, London, ON*, 1968/2000, by Ian MacEachern. Collection of Museum London, Gift of the artist, London, Ontario, 2016 (016.A.023). Courtesy of Museum London. © Ian MacEachern.

*Hugo Viewegar’s wife*, c.1913–14, by Hugo Viewegar. Collection of the Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton (PR2000.1304.0005). Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Alberta.

I Was Thinking About You… Series (*Dear Sandra*), 1979–80, by Barbara Astman. Courtesy of the artist and Corkin Gallery, Toronto. © Barbara Astman.

*The Ice Boat*, 1858–60, by Samuel McLaughlin. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192314). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Ice Cone, Montmorency Falls*, 1876, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a138521k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*The Idol Worshippers (Nellie Near and Cora Pasmore)*, 1928, by H.G. Cox. Collection of Susan Hopkins. Courtesy of the Polygon Gallery, North Vancouver. © Family of H.G. Cox.

*Illecilliwaet Canyon near Revelstoke*, 1886, by Édouard Deville. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3243491). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

Image from the series Social Security, 1988, by Sunil Gupta. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Sunil Gupta / Visual Arts-CARCC-DACS, 2023.

*Inco, Abandoned Mine Shaft, Crean Hill Mine, Sudbury, Ontario*, 1984, printed 1992, by Edward Burtynsky. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the artist, Toronto, 1992 (36913). Courtesy of Edward Burtynsky / Nicholas Metivier Gallery, Toronto. © Edward Burtynsky.

*Information Sheet: ACT 68, Athabasca Glacier, Columbia Ice Fields*, 1968, by N.E. Thing Co. Courtesy of CCCA, Montreal. © Ingrid Baxter and IAIN BAXTER&.

Installation view of the exhibition *The Family of Man* at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1955, by Rolf Peterson. Collection of the Museum of Modern Art Archives, New York (IN569.33). Courtesy of Art Resource, New York.

*Instant Photo Information, BC Almanac*, c.1970, by Christos Dikeakos. Collection of the Morris and Helen Belkin Gallery Archives, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Courtesy of the artist. © Christos Dikeakos.

*Intercolonial Railway, Southwest Miramichi Bridge*, 1875, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4932862). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Interior of 109 Henry Avenue, Winnipeg; Blood-spattered kitchen after fatal stabbing with a pocketknife*, 1922, by Lewis Benjamin Foote. Collection of the Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (P7404/6, Foote 1827). Courtesy of the Archives of Manitoba / Don’s Photo, Winnipeg.

*Interior of the Livernois Gallery*, c.1886, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of National Library and Archives of Quebec, Montreal (323811). Courtesy of National Library and Archives of Quebec.

*Interior view of the International Exhibition, London*, 1862, by William England. Collection of the Science Museum Group Collection, London, UK (1991-107/1). Accessed December 13, 2022. © The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum.

*Inuit Children Playing ‘Leap frog,’ Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut*, c.1962, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Courtesy of the Cole Harbour Rural Heritage Society.

*Inuit woman, Kootucktuck, in her beaded attigi*, 1903–5, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (ND-44-18). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.

*Intersection of King and Yonge Streets*, c.1930, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 10062). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Inuk child (Pauline White)*, c.1900–50, by Judith Pauline White. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5096780). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Iris Sloman Wedding Day Photo*, 1939, by Richard Nelson Bell. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (RG 63, BUA002282542f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.

“The Italians in Toronto,” by Emily Weaver, *The Globe*, Saturday, July 16, 1910. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*James Ballantyne (extreme left) with members of the Ottawa Camera Club*, c.1895, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a126331). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.

James Borcoman, Curator, Photography, National Gallery of Canada, September 1973, by Duncan Cameron (Capital Press). Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (074573). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Janet Symmers*, 1972, by Clara Gutsche. Collection of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Courtesy of the artist. © Clara Gutsche / Visual Arts-CARCC Ottawa, 2023.

*Japanese woman holding deer head*, before 1929, by Hayashi Studio. Collection of Cumberland Museum and Archive (C140-219). Courtesy of Cumberland Museum and Archive.

*Jean Blodgett*, 1984, printed 1990, by Angela Grauerholz. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the artist, Montreal, 2000 (40558). Courtesy of the artist. © Angela Grauerholz.

*Mrs. Marie-Jeanne Lessard, Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce*, 1973, by Gabor Szilasi. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the artist, Montreal, 1999 (2000.6). Courtesy of the artist. © Gabor Szilasi.

*Jewish Market, Toronto*, 1954, by Lutz Dille. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Lutz Dille.

*John Singer Sargent*, 1920, by Sidney Carter. Collection of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, Gift from the artist, 1954 (ARC1954.1.2). Courtesy of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.

*John Vanderpant, H.G. Cox, Dr. Kyo Koike, and Harry Knight (Judges at International Pictorial Salon)*, 1927, photographer unknown. Courtesy of the Cox family and the Polygon Gallery, Vancouver. © Family of H.G. Cox.

Joseph Beuys, Frontal and Profile Views, 1980, printed c.1980, by Arnaud Maggs. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Arnaud Maggs.

*Kennecott Copper Mine, Bingham Valley, Utah*, 1983, printed 1988, by Edward Burtynsky. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1988 (EX-88-48). Courtesy of Edward Burtynsky / Nicholas Metivier Gallery, Toronto. © Edward Burtynsky.

*King’s Hall Building, 1231 Sainte-Catherine Street West, Montreal*, 1979, printed 2012, by Gabor Szilasi. Collection of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Gift of Gabor Szilasi (2013.449). Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Gabor Szilasi.

*Kiss-in at the corner of Yonge and Bloor, Toronto*, 1976, by Gerald Hannon. Collection of The ArQuives, Toronto. Courtesy of The ArQuives. © Estate of Gerald Hannon.

*The Kitchen Sink*, c.1919, by Margaret Watkins. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1984 with the assistance of a grant from the Government of Canada under the terms of the Cultural Property Export and Import Act (20629). Courtesy of The Hidden Lane & The Hive, Glasgow. © Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland.

*Kitkatla*, 1881, by Edward Dossetter. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (D-07004). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Kiyoshi Shirimoto and his dog*, date unknown, by Hayashi Studio. Collection of Cumberland Museum and Archive (C140-108). Courtesy of Cumberland Museum and Archive.

*Komagata Maru* (detail 2), 1985, by Roy Arden. Collection of the Morris and Helen Belkin Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Courtesy of the Morris and Helen Belkin Gallery. © Roy Arden.

*Kong Shing Sing on a horse on Barlow Avenue in Quesnel*, c.1910, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1929). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.

*Kwakwaka’wakw (Kwakiutl) woman spinning yarn and rocking cradle using cord tied to her foot; Boas (left) and George Hunt (right) holding up backdrop, Vancouver Island*, 1894–95, by Oregon Columbus Hastings. Collection of the American Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian, New York. Courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian.

*L’abbé Dominique-Alfred Morisset*, 1894 or 1895, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec City, Gift of the Yves Beauregard collection (2006.931). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*La Porte Saint-Louis, Québec*, c.1879–90, by Louis-Prudent Vallée. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Yves Beauregard collection (2006.1341). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*Lac Clair Sky Globe (Winter)*, c.1975, by Bill Vazan. Collection of Museum London, Gift of the Labatt Brewing Company Limited, 2010 (010.A.073.1-.24). Courtesy of Museum London. © Bill Vazan / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023.

*Ladies at Tea, Oranges, and Cookies, QC*, c.1900, by Sally Eliza Wood. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Sara Tauben (MP-1994.32.6). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Lake in the Woods*, 1986, by Vikky Alexander. Collection of the Vancouver Art Gallery. Courtesy of Tara Downs Gallery, New York. © Vikky Alexander. Photo credit: Vancouver Art Gallery / Rachel Topham.

*Lake surrounded by mountains*, 1914–15, by Minna Keene. Collection of The Image Centre, Toronto. Courtesy of The Image Centre. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violent Keene Perinchief.

*Lat. 79 degree 16′ N. off Victoria Head, N.W.T. 1:30 a.m. 7th August 1875, looking S.W.*, 1875, by Thomas Mitchell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011074301-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Lat. 79 degree 25′ N. walrus killed in Franklin Pearce Bay, 10th Aug., 1875*, 1875, by Thomas Mitchell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011074310-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Laura Muntz Lyall, A.R.C.A.*, c.1907, by Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Vera Mortimer-Lamb, Burnaby, British Columbia, 1975 (32246). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Photo credit: NGC.

*Lawn Maintenance at Toronto Island*, c.1910–30, by Melvin Ormand Hammond. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (F1075-22-1-5 / D-428). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.

*Le Château Frontenac vu du parc Montmorency, Québec*, c.1890, by Louis-Prudent Vallée. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of Pierre Lahoud (2014.16). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*Le Pantin*, 1985, by Evergon. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1986 (EX-86-372). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Evergon. Photo credit: NGC.

*Lens Sector—Front taken over by Canadian Corps*, October 1916, photographer unknown. Collection of the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, George Metcalf Archival Collection (CWM19940001-423). Courtesy of the Canadian War Museum.

*Linda Hahn and her Family, Trout River, Newfoundland*, 1973, by Pamela Harris. Courtesy of the artist. © Pamela Harris.

*Little girl watching the photographer as the crowd behind her watches the Grey Cup Parade*, 1965, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of the National Film Board Still Photography Division Archive, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (65-3018). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Michel Lambeth. Photo credit: NGC.

*La Famille Livernois à la fosse (« Le Trou »), La Malbaie*, after 1870, by Livernois & Bienvenu (Élise L’Heureux/Livernois and Louis Fontaine/Bienvenu). Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Michel Lessard collection (2009.161). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*Living Room, Racine Wisconsin*, 1971–72, by Lynne Cohen. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Andrew M. Lugg, Ottawa, 2001 (40794). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Lynne Cohen. Photo credit: NGC.

*Long Beach BC to Peggy’s Cove Nova Scotia*, 1971, by Roy Kiyooka. Courtesy of Talonbooks, Vancouver. © Estate of Roy Kenzie Kiyooka.

*Lonicera Bractulata, Fly honeysuckle*, c.1896–1905, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527 / PS 1 – 548). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.

*Looking for goat while baking bread (Camp at lower end of Maligne Lake)*, 1908, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527/PS 1 – 72). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.

Lorraine Monk, executive director, Still Photography Division of the National Film Board, and her assistant, Roman Tarnovetsky, May 28, 1975, by Doug Griffin. Collection of the Toronto Public Library, *Toronto Star* Archives. Courtesy of Getty Images. © Torstar Syndicate / Getty Images, 2023.

*Louis Riel, a prisoner in Major-General Frederick D. Middleton’s Camp, Batoche, Saskatchewan*, c.May 16, 1885, by James Peters. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192258). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Louis-Joseph Papineau (1786–1871), politician*, c.1852, by Thomas Coffin Doane. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3195235). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Lower Dorchester*, August 1983, by Thaddeus Holownia. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1984 (EX-84-202). Courtesy of the artist. © Thaddeus Holownia.

*Lower Dorchester*, October 1980, by Thaddeus Holownia. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1984 (EX-84-194). Courtesy of the artist. © Thaddeus Holownia.

*Lt. Col. And Mrs. Ferguson, Montreal*, 1863, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by *Maclean’s* magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-5675.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Lucie Guannel, Singer, Montreal, Quebec*, 1961, printed 1968, by Sam Tata. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1978 (EX-78-502). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Sam Tata. Photo credit: NGC.

*MacDonell farm*, c.1898–1920, by Marsden Kemp. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (C 130-1-0-25-6 / I0013147). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.

*Main Street, Saint John, NB*, 1964, by Ian MacEachern. Courtesy of the artist. © Ian MacEachern.

*Malcolm Norris Hanging Nets*, 1934, by James Brady. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (PA-2218-94). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.

*Man and Bus*, 1974, by Tom Gibson. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1975 (EX-75-57). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Tom Gibson. Photo credit: NGC.

*Man in a Cafe Ouarzazate*, 1975, by Shin Sugino. Courtesy of the artist and Stephen Bulger Gallery. © Shin Sugino.

*Manitoba University Natural Science class, senior BA*, 1893, by Rosetta Ernestine Carr. Collection of the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine Archives, Winnipeg (UM_MPC_2_0_025_001). Courtesy of the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine Archives.

*Market Square*, 1885, by Isaac Erb. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3306429). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Mary [Anderson Monture]*, 1982, by Greg Staats. Collection of the Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau. Courtesy of the Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. © Greg Staats.

*Mary MacDonald, daughter of Sir John A. Macdonald*, May 1893, by William Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3194701). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Mary Schaffer with horse*, c.1907–11, by Mary Schäffer. Collection of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff (V527 / PS 1 – 151). Courtesy of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies.

*Mary Wetrade tans caribou hide, Rae Lakes, NWT*, August 1985, by Dorothy Chocolate. Collection of the artist.

*Master Bryce Allan, Montreal, QC*, 1866, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Mrs. Gertrude H. Bourne (N-1981.16.2). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Mattie Gunterman posed by a tree stump*, 1899, by Mattie Gunterman. Collection of the Vancouver Public Library (VPL 2241). Courtesy of the Vancouver Public Library.

*Mattie on hot stove*, 1902, by Mattie Gunterman. Collection of the Vancouver Public Library (VPL 2276). Courtesy of the Vancouver Public Library.

*Maun-gua-daus (or Maun-gwa-daus), alias George Henry (born c.1807), original chief of the Ojibwa Nation of Credit (Upper Canada) and interpreter employed by Indian Affairs*, c.1846, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3198805). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Meeting Nasser*, 1985, by Jamelie Hassan. Collection of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Gift of the Canada Council Art Bank, Ottawa, 2003 (2003.79). Courtesy of the Dalhousie Art Gallery, Halifax. © Jamelie Hassan. Photo credit: Wes Johnston.

*Melly Shum Hates Her Job*, 1989, by Ken Lum. Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery and Kunstinstituut Melly, Rotterdam. Courtesy of the artist. © Ken Lum.

*Members of the Ahousaht nation with seamen in uniform, on a beach after fishing*, 1874, by Richard Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (J-04536). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Memorial Service for Japanese Canadian Servicemen Killed in World War I*, date unknown, by Hayashi/Matsubishi/Kitamura Studio. Collection of Cumberland Museum and Archive (C140-003). Courtesy of Cumberland Museum and Archive.

*Memory Gap, an Unexpected Beauty*, 1988, by Geneviève Cadieux. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1990 (30505). © Geneviève Cadieux.

*Mentzelia decapetala*, 1898, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of the British Library Collection, London and Yorkshire, U.K. (HS85/10/9838). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

*Michael Snow*, 1988, printed 1989, by Michael Torosian. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1990 (EX-90-73). Courtesy of the artist and Stephen Bulger Gallery. © Michael Torosian.

*Michael Snow, Toronto, ON*, 1960, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010955311-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Milk*, 1984, by Jeff Wall. Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, Acquired through the Mary Joy Thomson Legacy (480.2004). Courtesy of the artist. © Jeff Wall Studio.

*Mimic*, 1982, by Jeff Wall. Collection of the Ydessa Hendeles Art Foundation, Toronto. Courtesy of the artist. © Jeff Wall Studio.

*Misery Absolutely Destroyed by Germans Before Leaving*, March 1917, by William Ivor Castle. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3403797). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Miss Black Ontario winner, Miss Rexdale, Rhonda Broadbent*, 1981, by James Russell. Courtesy of BAND Gallery, Toronto. © James Russell.

*Miss Chatelaine*, 1973, by Suzy Lake. Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Purchase, Vital Projects Fund Inc., Gift, through Joyce and Robert Menschel, 2017 (2017.334). Courtesy of the artist. © Suzy Lake.

*Mnemonicon (The Screen)* (detail), 1988, by Marian Penner Bancroft. Collection of the Vancouver Art Gallery, Gift of the artist (VAG 2013.12.1). Courtesy of the Vancouver Art Gallery. © Marian Penner Bancroft. Photo credit: Vancouver Art Gallery.

*Monica Haim*, 1984, 1984, printed 1990, by Angela Grauerholz. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the artist, Montreal, 2000 (40554). Courtesy of the artist. © Angela Grauerholz.

*Monseigneur Charles-Félix Cazeau*, c.1874–81, by Jules-Ernest Livernois. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Yves Beauregard collection (2006.852). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*Monument to the Brave, Quebec City*, c.1860, by Jules-Isaïe Benoît Livernois. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of David Ross McCord (M932.8.1.156). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Mr. Juchereau de St. Denis Lemoine is dressed as “Jacques Cartier,”* March 1876, by William Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3477360). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Mr. Lazarnick and Mrs. Jessie Tarbox Beals about to ascend in a captive balloon to take midair photos at the 1904 World’s Fair*, 1904, photographer unknown. Collection of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Missouri (N27835). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

*Mr. O’Brien (who christened the Lake of Killarney) and his wife talking to Lord Aberdeen*, c.1893, by Ishbel Maria Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair. *Through Canada with a Kodak* (Edinburgh: W.H. White, 1893, p.98).

*Mrs. Juchereau de St. Denis Lemoine is dressed as “The Dominion of Canada,”* March 1876, by William Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3200048). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Muhammad Ali*, 1970, by Yousuf Karsh. Collection of the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C., Gift of Estrellita Karsh in memory of Yousuf Karsh (NPG.2012.77.3). Courtesy of the Estate of Yousuf Karsh. © Estate of Yousuf Karsh.

*Munitions workers (women) Toronto*, 1927, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Series 2119, Item 15.41). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Myers Gloves*, 1924, by Margaret Watkins. Courtesy of DiChroma Photography, Madrid. © Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland.

*My oldest son Moses Towell eats a wild pear while Ann sits behind the wheel of a 1951 pickup truck. It’s the family’s only vehicle. I bought it as junk for $200 and fixed it up on my own*, 1983, by Larry Towell. Courtesy of Magnum Photos, New York (TOL1983001W00004/22). © Larry Towell / Magnum Photos.

*A new process used to achieve graceful poses*, June 5, 1856, by Honoré Daumier. Collection of Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Everett V. Meeks, B.A. 1901, Fund (1996.14.3). Courtesy of Yale University Art Gallery.

*New World Confectionery*, 1965, by Fred Herzog. Courtesy of Equinox Gallery, Vancouver. © Estate of Fred Herzog.

*Newsreel and Press Photographers, Queen’s Park*, 1911, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 8012). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Niagara Falls in Winter*, c.1890, by George Barker. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1993 (37154). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Niloulaq and Willie in the darkroom*, 1973, by Pamela Harris. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of Randall McLeod, 2012 (LA.PHC.S6.F3-13.3). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Pamela Harris.

*1919 Strike June 10th Portage Avenue, at corner of Main Street Crowd outside drug store, during street demonstration Tuesday afternoon*, June 10, 1919, by L.B. Foote. Collection of the Winnipeg Free Press Archives. Courtesy of the Winnipeg Free Press Archives.

*No Immediate Threat*, 1986, by Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge. Courtesy of the artists. © Carole Condé and Karl Beveridge / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023.

*No.2, Towers in White*, c.1934, by John Vanderpant. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchase, donated funds in memory of Eric Steiner, 2002 (2002/76). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Photo © AGO.

*The North American Iceberg*, 1985, by Carl Beam. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1986 (29515). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Carl Beam / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023. Photo credit: NGC.

*Northern Games: A crowd is gathered in front of Sir Alexander Mackenzie School in Inuvik during the 1979 Northern Games. Several women and children sit in the foreground, some are eating.*, 1979, by James Jerome. Collection of the NWT Archives (N-1987-017: 3516). Courtesy of the NWT Archives. © NWT Archives (Copyright transferred by donor).

*Notman & Fraser Photographic Studio, Toronto*, 1868, by William Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by *Maclean’s* magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-34684.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Notman & Sandham’s Room, Windsor Hotel, Montreal*, 1878, by Notman & Sandham. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by *Maclean’s* magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (VIEW-782.1). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Untitled*, n.d., by Judith Eglington. Courtesy of the artist. © Judith Eglington.

*Old Town Clock, Citadel Hill, Halifax*, 1988, by Alvin Comiter. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1991 (EX-91-283). Courtesy of the artist. © Alvin Comiter.

*Ollner Family*, 1986, by Ken Lum. Courtesy of the artist. © Ken Lum.

*One of Mrs. Maynard’s Victoria Police Department photos; Belle Adams, charged with the murder of Charles Kincaid; received five years for manslaughter*, 1898, by Hannah Maynard. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (F-06721). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

*Onomatopoeia*, 1985–86, by Stan Douglas. Courtesy of the artist, Victoria Miro, and David Zwirner. © Stan Douglas.

*Ottawa—Plotting air Photos at Spartan Air Service*, 1957, by George Hunter. Collection of the Canadian Heritage Photography Foundation, Mississauga (GH_012_0213). Courtesy of the Canadian Heritage Photography Foundation. © Canadian Heritage Photography Foundation.

*Our Malay Washerwoman*, 1903–13, by Minna Keene. Collection of The Image Centre, Toronto. Courtesy of The Image Centre. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violent Keene Perinchief.

*Outdoor baptism, 1st Lake (Lake Banook), Dartmouth*, c.1892, by George H. Craig. Collection of the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia, Cherry Brook. Courtesy of the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia.

*Outdoor portrait of Veronique Goulet, née Carriere, Cumberland House*, 1949, by James Brady. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (PA-2218-358). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.

*“Over Chilkoot Pass during the Gold Rush in Alaska. Thousands of gold seekers used this trail*,” c.1898, by Eric A. Hegg. Collection of the National Archives and Records Administration Pacific Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

*Padluk with one of her four children at Pipkaknak’s camp southwest of Padlei, N.W.T.*, c. February 1950, by Richard Harrington. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193769). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

Page 8 of *Airships, Rigid and Non-Rigid, Howden*, 1916–19, by J.A. Spencer. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Anonymous gift, 2004 (2004/654.1.8). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Photo © AGO.

Page from *Between Friends / Entre Amis* (Toronto and Ottawa: McClelland and Steward Ltd. and the National Film Board of Canada Still Photography Division, 1976), pp. 224–25. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. © National Film Board of Canada, Montreal.

Page from Lillian Lock’s scrapbook (5), c.1920s, by Lillian Lock. Collection of the Lock Family. Courtesy of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario, Toronto. Reproduced with permission from the Lock Family.

Page from Photographic Views of British Columbia 1867–1870 (Dally Album Number 5), 1870, by Frederick Dally. Collection of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum, Victoria (MS-3100.5). Courtesy of BC Archives, Royal BC Museum.

Page from Reverend Edward F. Wilson’s illustrated family journal, 1868–94, 1887, writing by Edward F. Wilson, photographer unknown. Collection of Salt Spring Island Archives, Wilson Journals (989.005). Courtesy of Salt Spring Island Archives.

Page from a Topley Studio Counterbook (studio proof album), original negative numbers 129129-129148, March 1913, by William James Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3808092). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

Page from *Transcanada Letters*, 1975, by Roy Kiyooka. Courtesy of Talonbooks, Vancouver. © Estate of Roy Kenzie Kiyooka.

Page 13 of the Peterkin Family (Theresa Bywater Peterkin) Album, mid- to late nineteenth century. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of Mary F. Williamson, 2009 (2009/180.13). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Photo © Art Gallery of Ontario.

Page 21 of “Report of the Medical Health Officer dealing with the Recent Investigation of Slum Conditions in Toronto, embodying Recommendations for the Amelioration of the Same,” 1911, by Charles Hastings. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (charles-hastings-report-of-the-medical-officer-of-health) and Toronto Public Library Digital Archive (37131110346483D). Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.

*The Parish of St. Nil, County of Matane, Gaspé, Quebec*, May 1965, printed 1978, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1965 (65-3025). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Michel Lambeth. Photo credit: NGC.

*Parliament Buildings under construction, centre block, rear view*, c.1862, by Samuel McLaughlin. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192475). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Part Four: The Outside World* (detail), 1986–87, by Susan McEachern. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the artist, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 2005 (2005.93.1-6). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Susan McEachern. Photo credit: NGC.

*Patin et raquette sur le Saint-Laurent, Québec*, c.1870, by Livernois & Bienvenu (Élise L’Heureux/Livernois et Louis Fontaine/Bienvenu). Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of the Michel Lessard Collection (2011.157). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*Peter Pitseolak with his favourite 122 camera*, c.1946–47, by Aggeok Pitseolak. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2000-180). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

Photograph by Susan Stewart from the exhibition *Drawing the Line*, 1988, by Kiss & Tell. Courtesy of SFU Library Special Collections, Burnaby (Image MsC 165-0-1-1-0-4).

Photograph of Charles Bell with Horse and Cart, St. Catharines, date unknown, photographer unknown. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (RG 63, BUA002281982f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.

*Phryné*, 1914, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3245232). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

Pierre Trudeau is saluted by RCMP officer as he carries son Justin to Rideau Hall in 1973 to attend an outdoor reception for visiting heads of Commonwealth countries in Ottawa, August 23, 1973, photograph by Rod MacIvor / Ottawa. © Rod MacIvor / Canadian Press Images

Piss pic by Michael Morris contribution to Image Bank request mailing, 1972. Collection of the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Courtesy of the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery. © Estate of Michael Morris.

*Plant Form Leaves with Circular Protrusion*, 1938, by Eugene Haanel Cassidy. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of Sylvia Platt, 2002 (2003/1638). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Estate of Eugene Haanel Cassidy.

*Playing Hockey on the St. Clair River in Sarnia*, c.1890, by John Boyd Sr. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (I0003277). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.

*Polly, an inmate at the Carleton County Gaol*, February 1, 1895, by William James Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3192318). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Pomegranates*, c.1910, by Minna Keene. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2020 (48989). Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violent Keene Perinchief.

*The Pool*, c.1907, by Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Vera Mortimer-Lamb, Burnaby, British Columbia, 1975 (32248). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Photo credit: NGC.

*Portrait of the artist #1*, 1980, by Raymonde April. Courtesy of the artist.

*Portrait of a man*, c.1870, by Alvira Lockwood. Collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven. Courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

*Portrait of a Woman, “after D(ante) G(abriel) R(osetti)*,” 1906–30, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a112216k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Portrait of Alexander Vidal*, c.1850–70, photographer unknown. Collection of the Archives and Special Collections, Western University, London (AFC 49-37A, RC80823). Courtesy of the Archives and Special Collections, Western University.

*Portrait of an unidentified First Nations man and two babies*, c.1910, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1687). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.

*Portrait of Clarence Abrahamson in a field of marquis wheat*, 1915, by William S. Beal.

*Portraits of Horace Sewell, John Duff, Ruth Sewell, William G. Sewell, Gertrude Bonner, Prince Albert and Twenty Unidentified Sitters*, c.1885, photographer unknown. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1981 (23896.13). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Portraits of John, George and Sidney Bonner, and Two Unidentified Sitters*, c.1885, photographer unknown. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1981 (23896.21). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Poster for Exhibition of Pictorial Photography in conjunction with Toronto Camera Club*, 1917, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Subseries 41, Item 593). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

*Poverty with Orange*, 1987, by Ian Wallace. Collection of The Freybe Collection, Vancouver. Courtesy of Catriona Jeffries Gallery, Vancouver. © Ian Wallace.

*Pre-Resolution: Using the Ordinances at Hand #6*, 1983–84, by Suzy Lake. Collection of the Art Gallery of Hamilton. Courtesy of Suzy Lake. © Suzy Lake.

Press photograph of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau welcoming the Troeung family to Canada in Ottawa, December 1980, photograph by Murray Mosher. Courtesy of the Troeung Family and Murray Mosher. Photo credit: Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Courtesy of the Family Camera Network project and the photographer. © Murray Mosher.

*Princess Christian’s visit to the 2nd Exhibition of Canadian Pictures, Grafton Galleries, London*, 1917, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3394829). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Promotional photograph: Woman with Ontario travel posters*, 1930s, by Brodie Whitelaw. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5078801). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Queen Anne’s Lace, O’Hare Airfield*, 1985, by Robert Burley. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Robert Burley.

*R.A.A. Jones, de l’album de collection dit de Richard Alleyn*, after 1865, by Eli J. Palmer. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Gift of Charles Alleyn (2018.377.179). Courtesy of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

*Railcuts #8 (Red hill, C.N. train) C.N. Track, Thompson River, British Columbia*, 1985, by Edward Burtynsky. Courtesy of Edward Burtynsky / Nicholas Metivier Gallery, Toronto. © Edward Burtynsky.

*Rear, 81 Elizabeth St.*, May 15, 1913, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 32, Item 187). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*A Red Pine at Marshall’s Bay*, 1904, by Charles Macnamara. Collection of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives. Courtesy of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives.

*Red River, from St. Andrew’s Church, MB*, 1858, by Humphrey Lloyd Hime. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal (MP-0000.1453.2). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Re-enactment of Goya’s Flight of the Witches, ca 1797–98*, 1986, by Evergon. Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery, Gift of the artist and acquired with funds from the Estate of Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Naylor (G-95-37 a-d). Courtesy of the Winnipeg Art Gallery. © Evergon.

*Reflected Landscape*, 1968, by N.E. Thing Co. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchase, 1980 (81/95). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © N.E. Thing Co. / Ingrid Baxter and IAIN BAXTER&.

*Replacing burnt-out bulbs in outdoor sign for Magic Baking Powder*, c.1920, by William James. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 1244, Item 3587). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Reverend Horace H. Hawkins*, c.1871, by the Westlake Brothers. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (series F 2076-16-3-4). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.

*Richard Macnamara and “ghost*,” 1894, by Charles Macnamara. Collection of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives. Courtesy of the Arnprior & McNab / Braeside Archives.

*Right Still Now*, by James Inglis, frontis to *The Philadelphia Photographer* 3, no. 35 (November 1866). Collection of the Boston Public Library. Photo credit: Boston Public Library.

*Rita Letendre*, early 1960s, by Tess Boudreau. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of the artist, 2007 (2006/463). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Estate of Tess Boudreau Taconis.

*Riverdale Park*, 1983, by Robert Burley. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Robert Burley.

*Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto*, 1957, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of Av Isaacs, Toronto, 1994 (94/504). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Estate of Michel Lambeth.

*Rudyard Kipling*, 1907, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3204773). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Rural scene, Île d’Orléans, QC*, c.1925, by Edith S. Watson. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Stanley G. Triggs (MP-0000.25.1089). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Quebec from Point Levy*, after 1865, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1985 (29175). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Saint-Cloud*, 1984, by Geoffrey James. Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery, Acquired with The Photography Endowment of The Winnipeg Art Gallery Foundation Inc. (G-85-507). Courtesy of the Winnipeg Art Gallery. © Geoffrey James.

*School Children, St-Nil*, 1964, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4298232). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Second Canadian International Salon of Photography, view of the exhibition room, National Gallery of Canada*, 1935, by Clifford M. Johnston. CMCP Collection, Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a056886-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.

*Self-portrait (Big Woody district, Swan River, Manitoba)*, c.1918, by William S. Beal. Collection of Robert Barrow. Courtesy of Robert Barrow.

*Self-portrait, Galiano Island, British Columbi*a, 1988, 1988, printed July 1989, by Sandra Semchuk. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1989 (EX-89-26.1-41). Courtesy of the artist. © Sandra Semchuk.

*Self Portrait in His Store*, date unknown, by C.D. Hoy. Collection of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives (P1906). Courtesy of the Barkerville Historic Town Archives.

*Self-portrait Taken in Baba’s Bedroom on the Day I Said Goodbye to Her, Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, April 12, 1977*, April 12, 1977, by Sandra Semchuk. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1977 (EX-77-562). Courtesy of the artist. © Sandra Semchuk.

*Self-portrait, World’s Fair St. Louis*, 1904, by Jessie Tarbox Beals. Collection of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library (PR-004-01-0). Courtesy of the New York Historical Society Museum and Library.

*7-Up, Montreal, Quebec*, 1970, by Pierre Gaudard. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1971 (71-2195). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Pierre Gaudard. Photo credit: NGC.

*17 Mile Bluff on Fraser River*, c.1867–68, by Frederick Dally. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3247797). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Sick of Goodby’s*, 1978, printed 1979, by Robert Frank. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Evelyn Coutellier, Brussels, 1988 (36096.8). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Robert Frank. Photo credit: NGC.

*Silkscreened Box Untitled*, 1970–2011, by Michael de Courcy. Courtesy of the artist. © Michael de Courcy. Photo credit: Phillip Martin Gallery.

*Simon Bumberry with fishing equipment, halfway between Six Nations Indian Reserve, Ontario and Tuscarora Indian Reserve, New York*, 1912, by Frederick Wilkerson Waugh. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (17123). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.

*The Sisters*, c.1906, by Sidney Carter. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3247176). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Sisters*, 1987, by Shelley Niro. Collection of the Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau. Courtesy of the Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. © Shelley Niro.

*Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill, Montreal*, 1885, by William Notman and Son. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd. (II-83124). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*64 Portrait Studies, 1976–78* (installation view), 1976–78, by Arnaud Maggs. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1985 (EX-85-100.1-64). Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Arnaud Maggs.

*64 Portrait Studies , 1976–78* (detail), 1976–78, by Arnaud Maggs. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1985 (EX-85-100.1-64). Courtesy of the Estate of Arnaud Maggs. © Estate of Arnaud Maggs.

*The “Skating Queen,”* c.1855, by William Notman. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2009 (42475.123). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Skidegate Indian Village of the Haida tribe in the Queen Charlotte Islands*, July 1878, by George Mercer Dawson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4631345). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Sleeping Places, Newfoundland* (detail), 1982, by Marlene Creates. Collection of The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery, St. John’s, Memorial University of Newfoundland Collection, Purchased with assistance of the Canada Council for the Arts Acquisitions Assistance Program. © Marlene Creates / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023. Photo credit: The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery.

*Snow Goose family Richard’s Island*, 1938, by Lorene Squire. Collection of Hudson’s Bay Company Archive, Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H4-125-1-1 / HBCA 1981-28-12). Courtesy of the Archives of Manitoba.

*Sofa*, 1988, by Angela Grauerholz. Collection of Musée des beaux-arts de Montreal. Courtesy of the artist. © Angela Grauerholz.

“Some of the Little Citizens of Toronto’s Congested Area,” in *Toronto World*, March 9, 1913. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010788144). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Sons of England Fair, St. Albert and Edmonton, Alberta*, August 23, 1907, by Gladys Reeves. Collection of the Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton (A7403). Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Alberta.

*Southam Sisters, Montreal*, c.1915–19, by Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Vera Mortimer-Lamb, Burnaby, British Columbia, 1975 (32249). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Harold Mortimer-Lamb. Photo credit: NGC.

*Spence’s bridge looking down Thompson River on the C.P.R., BC*, 1887, by William McFarlane Notman. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by *Maclean’s* magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (VIEW-1746). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

Spread of a photo-essay on Toronto entitled “A New Look at a Controversial City,” by John de Visser, in *Maclean’s* magazine (October 26, 1957, 16–17).

*Spring inundation on Saint Lawrence River near Montreal, Quebec*, c.1865, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (5067285). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Spuzzum River rapids, BC*, 1871, by Benjamin Baltzly. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Purchase, funds graciously donated by *Maclean’s* magazine, the Maxwell Cummings Family Foundation, and Empire-Universal Films Ltd. (I-69917). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Stampeders ascending Chilkoot Pass with tents and supplies in the foreground*, 1898, by H.J. Goetzman Studio. Collection of Lakehead University Library Archives and Digital Collections, Thunder Bay. Courtesy of Lakehead University Library Archives.

*Start of the Slide Race*, c.1910, by Elizabeth (Elsie) Holloway Studio. Collection of The Rooms Provincial Archives, St. John’s (A11-19). Courtesy of The Rooms Provincial Archives.

Stereo camera, c.1870, by Derogy. Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York.

*Steve*, 1986, by Ken Lum. Collection of the Vancouver Art Gallery. Courtesy of the artist. © Ken Lum.

Still from “New Photos by Itee Pootoogook,” in *Animation from Cape Dorset*, 1973, by Itee Pootoogook. Courtesy of the National Film Board of Canada, Montreal. Reproduced with permission from Dorset Fine Arts. © Itee Pootoogook.

*Still-Life with Art Works*, 1986, by Serge Tousignant. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1987 (EX-87-55.1-4). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Serge Tousignant. Photo credit: NGC.

*StoneDGloves*, 1970, by Roy Kiyooka. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1998 (39764.6). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Roy Kenzie Kiyooka. Photo credit: NGC.

*Storm overflow Sewer, Barton Avenue*, June 5, 1912, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 59, Item 47). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Street Conversation, Shanghai*, 1938, by Sam Tata. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1972 (EX-72-57). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Sam Tata. Photo credit: NGC.

*Street Reflections*, 1970/2007, by Ian Wallace. Courtesy of Catriona Jeffries Gallery, Vancouver. © Ian Wallace. Photo credit: Achim Kukulies.

*Street Reflections*, 1970–91, by Ian Wallace. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of Thomas H. Bjarnason, 1997 (98/16.1-.5). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. © Ian Wallace.

*Sudbury*, from Geography Lesson: Canadian Notes, 1985–86, by Allan Sekula (MIT Press & Vancouver Art Gallery, 1997). Courtesy of the Estate of Allan Sekula. © Estate of Allan Sekula.

*A Summer Day*, 1928, by H.G. Cox. Collection of Susan Hopkins. Courtesy of the Polygon Gallery, North Vancouver. © Family of H.G. Cox.

*Sunil with Fakroon*, 1975, by Sunil Gupta. Courtesy of Design and Artists Copyright Society, London, U.K. © Sunil Gupta / Visual Arts-CARCC-DACS, 2023.

*Susanna and three friends outside*, 1964–69, attributed to Andrea Susan. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchase, with funds generously donated by Martha LA McCain, 2015 (2014/820). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Photo © AGO.

*SX 70*, 1976, by Charles Gagnon. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1979 (22075). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Charles Gagnon. Photo credit: NGC.

“Take a Kodak with you,” date unknown, by Eastman Kodak Company. Collection of George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York (2005.001.03.3.093). Courtesy of George Eastman Museum.

*Tashme Internment camp scene; Tashme, BC*, c.1943, by George Kazuta. Collection of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (1995.109.1.12). Courtesy of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre.

*Temples of Today*, c.1934, by John Vanderpant. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011155050-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*The Terra Nova Snowshoe Club, Montreal*, 1875, by William Notman and Henry Sandham. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1997 (38435). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Terry Ryan, Sheouak Petaulassie with a child, and a woman at West Baffin Co-operative, Kinngait, Nunavut*, c.1956–60, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010836103). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Theophile St. Pierre, Acetylene Cutting Torch Welder Burning Tractor Axles, Foundry*, 1951, by Yousuf Karsh. Collection of Art Gallery of Windsor-Essex, Gift of the Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited. Courtesy of Art Gallery of Windsor-Essex. © Estate of Yousuf Karsh.

*Thomas Kirkpatrick and his family. Left to right: Thomas Kirkpatrick, a son of about 15 years old (George Airey?), a daughter (Helen Lydia?), Mrs. Thomas Kirkpatrick (née Helen Fisher)*, c.1855, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3195236). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Three Inuit women wearing beaded parkas in front of a canvas backdrop, Cape Fullerton (also known as Qatiktalik), Nunavut [Hattie (Niviaqsarjuk), Suzie and Jennie]*, 1904, by Geraldine Moodie. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3239037). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Three young women wearing knitted sweaters seated on a bench in the snow. Rosemary Gilliat Eaton in the middle. Shilly Shally Lodge, Gatineau Park*, 1965, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010950258-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Ti-Noir Lajeunesse, the blind fiddler, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, Disraeli*, 1972, by Claire Beaugrand-Champagne. Collection of Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Purchase (1999.38). Courtesy of the artist. © Claire Beaugrand-Champagne.

*Tintype of Black Woman with Feathered Hat*, c.1880, photographer unknown. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (RG 63, BUA002284870f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.

*Toronto Camera Club*, c.1900–18, by Edwin Haynes.

*Train on The Loop, Selkirks, British Columbia*, 1886, by Oliver Buell. Collection of University of Calgary, Glenbow Archives (CU1116578). Courtesy of Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

*Tramp Art Photo Display*, c.1885, maker unknown. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchased 2011 (2011/34). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Photo © AGO.

*The Trottier Family at Fishing Lake, Alberta*, 1936, by James Brady. Collection of the Glenbow Museum, Calgary (PA-2218-122). Courtesy of the Glenbow Museum.

*Tsuneko and her children, Aaron and Gen*, 1974, by Robert Minden. Courtesy of the artist. © Robert Minden.

*Twilight in a village in Rajasthan*, 1963/68, by Roloff Beny. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3619420). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*2:50 a.m. Mission Memorial Hospital … six hours into labour … Judy and Tennyson … dance a slow one* (detail), 1982, by Marian Penner Bancroft. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1984 (EX-84-436.1-3). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Marian Penner Bancroft. Photo credit: NGC.

“Types of Canada’s New Citizens,” *The Globe*, July 2, 1910. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Unidentified man with a cigar*, c.1870–80, photographer unknown. Collection of the Brock University Archives, St. Catharines (BUA002284240f). Courtesy of the Brock University Archives.

*Union Station*, 1957, by Michel Lambeth. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (4298097). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Untitled*, July 1907, by Duncan Donovan. Collection of the Glengarry, Nor’Westers and Loyalist Museum, Williamstown. Courtesy of the Glengarry Historical Society.

*Untitled*, c.1910, by Minna Keene. Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Minna Keene and Violet Keene Perinchief.

*Untitled*, c.1930, by John Vanderpant. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2013 (45704). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Untitled* (from Erosion series), 1973, by Kan Azuma. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Kan Azuma. Photo credit: NGC.

*Untitled*, from the series North End, Winnipeg, 1976, by John Paskievich. Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery, Acquired with the J. Elmer Wood Fund (G-82-40). Courtesy of the Winnipeg Art Gallery. © John Paskievich.

*Untitled*, 1978, by Charles Gagnon. Collection of the Estate of Charles Gagnon. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. © Estate of Charles Gagnon.

*Untitled*, 1974–77, printed 1996, by Thaddeus Holownia. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Jane Corkin, Toronto, 2004 (2005.12). Courtesy of the artist. © Thaddeus Holownia.

*Untitled (August 12, 1983)*, 1983, from *Reality and Motive in Documentary Photography, Parts 1-3*, 1982–86, by Donigan Cumming. Collections of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, and the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec City. Courtesy of the artist. © Donigan Cumming.

*Untitled (luncheon at the Arts and Letters Club, 57 Adelaide Street East)*, c.1920, by Arthur Goss. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

*Untitled (Ray of Light)*, 1974, by Larry Towell. Courtesy of Magnum Photos and Stephen Bulger Gallery. © Larry Towell / Magnum Photos.

*Untitled* (The Red Series), 1981, by Barbara Astman. Private collection. Courtesy of the artist. © Barbara Astman.

*Untitled (Still-life with Glass Bowl and Glasses)*, c.1928, by Margaret Watkins. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2013 (45904). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland.

*Untitled* (Visual Narrative Series), 1978–79, by Barbara Astman. Collection of the Art Gallery of Hamilton, Gift of Nancy Hushion, 1988 (1988.3581). Courtesy of the artist and the Art Gallery of Hamilton. © Barbara Astman.

*Untitled*, January 1966, by Michael Semak. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1966 (66-1862). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Michael Semak / Visual Arts-CARCC, 2023. Photo credit: NGC.

*The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario*, January 30, 1960, by Ron Nelson. Collection of Western University Archives, London (AFC 450-165 /A2535-2539). Courtesy of the Western University Archives. Reproduced with permission from the Nelson family.

“The value of all war production,” *Canada at War* 43 (February 1945): 50–51, produced by the National Film Board, photographs and text uncredited. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (756820556). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Venus in Furs, model F. Todaxco*, c.1960, by June Sauer. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3588494). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada. © June Sauer.

*Veronica Foster, an employee of John Inglis Co. Ltd. and known as “Ronnie, the Bren Gun Girl” posing with a finished Bren gun in the John Inglis Co. Ltd. Bren gun plant, Toronto, Ontario, Canada*, 1941, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3193621). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.

*Victoria Bridge. Abutment, Ice shove*, c.1887, by Alexander Henderson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3248419). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*View, taken from the hotel, of the exterior walls, lamps and grounds of the Banff Springs Hotel*, 1930, by John Vanderpant. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa ( e008302229). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada / The Brechin Group Inc.

*[View from Lady Brassey’s window in Quebec City]*, 1872–73, by Lady Annie Brassey. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Purchase, funds donated by James Lahey and Pym Buitenhuis, 2010 (2010/28.10a). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Photo © AGO.

*View of a woman shopping in a millinery store in Montreal*, 1965, by Pierre Gaudard. Collection of the National Film Board Still Photography Division Archive, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (65-5583). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*View of Iceberg*, August 16–23, 1913, by Edith S. Watson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010791400). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

View of the *People Tree* at Expo 67 in Montreal, 1967, photographer unknown. Courtesy of Flickr / ElectroSpark.

*Washington Square, New York*, 1961, by Dave Heath. Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, Purchase (160.1963). Courtesy of Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Dave Heath / Stephen Bulger Gallery.

*Waterfall*, 1660s, by Jacob van Ruisdael. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1952 (5878). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.

*Waterworks upheaval*, 1893, by F.W. Micklethwaite. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 376, File 1, Item 29a). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Welcome*, c.1938, by Eugene Haanel Cassidy. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2016 (47099). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of Eugene Haanel Cassidy. Photo credit: NGC.

*“The Well Groomed Woman’s Manicure*,” Cutex advertisement, 1925, page from *Ladies’ Home Journal*, by Margaret Watkins. Courtesy of DiChroma Photography, Madrid. © Joseph Mulholland, Glasgow, Scotland.

*Wharf and the Saguenay River at L’Anse-Saint-Jean (Quebec)*, 1886, by Samuel McLaughlin. Collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, Quebec City (0005222737). Courtesy of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

*Wheel of Flatland Dharma*, 1978, by Arthur Nishimura. Collection of the Alberta Foundation for the Arts, Edmonton (1979.032.002.1/2). Courtesy of the Alberta Foundation for the Arts. © Arthur Nishimura. Photo credit: Neil Lazaruk.

*Wild Horse Race, Calgary Stampede*, 1958, by George Hunter. CMCP Collection, Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1966 (EX-66-287). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. © Estate of George Hunter / Canadian Heritage Photography Foundation. Photo credit: NGC.

*William, Jimmie, Ivan and Bruce Millar at St. Francis River, Drummondville, QC*, 1888, by Annie McDougall. Collection of the McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal, Gift of Leslie Millar (MP-1974.133.176). Courtesy of the McCord Stewart Museum.

*Winnipeg General Strike, crowds at Victoria Park*, 1919, by L.B. Foote. Collection of the Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg (Foote 1679, P7400/4; N2745). Courtesy of Archives of Manitoba.

*Winston Churchill*, December 30, 1941, printed before September 1988, by Yousuf Karsh. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the artist, Ottawa, 1989 (30306). Courtesy of the Estate of Yousuf Karsh. © Estate of Yousuf Karsh.

*Inuk woman, Annie Jonas, carrying a baby, Joseph Jonas, on her back, Kuujjuaq, Quebec*, c.June–September 1960, by Rosemary Gilliat Eaton. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010975251-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.

*Woman’s Dispensary, 18 Seaton Street—Baby Clinic*, September 16, 1914, by Arthur Goss. Collection of the City of Toronto Archives (Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 32, Item 339). Courtesy of the City of Toronto Archives.

*Women in rafters and man with brooms*, 1902, by Mattie Gunterman. Collection of the Vancouver Public Library (VPL 2271). Courtesy of the Vancouver Public Library.

*Yamato (Shashin Kenkukan) Photographers Club*, August 1, 1915, by Shokichi Akatsuka. Collection of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, Burnaby (1992.20.6.a-c). Courtesy of the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre.

*Yosemite*, 1982, by Vikky Alexander. Collection of the RBC Art Collection, Toronto. Courtesy of Tara Downs Gallery, New York. © Vikky Alexander.

*Yousuf Karsh, 48 Views*, 1981–83, by Arnaud Maggs. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1984 (EX-84-177). Courtesy of the Estate of Arnaud Maggs and Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto. © Estate of Arnaud Maggs.

Book Credits

Publisher
Sara Angel

Editor
Sarah Brohman

French Editorial Director
Annie Champagne

Senior Designer
Simone Wharton

Copy Editor
Laura Edlund

Proofreaders
Tilman Lewis, Judy Phillips, Clare Sully-Stendahl, and Claudia Tavernese

Translators
Christine Poulin and Geneviève Blais

French Copy Editor
Ginette Jubinville

French Proofreaders
Lynn Bannon and Julien-Claude Charlebois

Image Researchers
Tara Ng, Victoria Nolte, and Emily Putnam

Design Template
Studio Blackwell

Copyright

Art Canada Institute
Massey College, University of Toronto
4 Devonshire Place
Toronto, ON M5S 2E1

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: Photography in Canada, 1939–1989 : an illustrated history / Sarah Bassnett and Sarah Parsons.
Names: Bassnett, Sarah, 1970- author. | Parsons, Sarah (Sarah Caitlin), 1971- author. | Art Canada
Institute, issuing body.
Description: Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: Canadiana 20230207073 | ISBN 9781487103095 (HTML) | ISBN 9781487103101 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Photography—Canada—History—20th century. | LCSH: Photography, Artistic—20th
century. | LCGFT: Photobooks.
Classification: LCC TR26 .B37 2023 | DDC 779.09710904—dc23