When I was young, my mother, Joan, ensured that I was aware of my Indigenous roots, and my grandmother, Sarah Lavalley, widely recognized for her skills as a craftswoman and her knowledge of traditional lore and medicine, taught me about artistic creativity. My father, John, instilled me with a love of history. My formal interest in art history began with high school classes in art, when our teacher Miss Adams took us to visit the nearby National Gallery of Canada, as well as to the studios of local artists Robert Hyndman and Juan Geuer. At Carleton University, Dr. Mary-Louise Funke Campbell awoke my passion for art history with her amazing lectures and enthusiasm, and my interest in the historical importance of art grew due to such professors as Naomi Griffiths, John Taylor, and Del Muise. Once I began working for the then Public Archives of Canada, I was guided in my career by such mentors as Georges Delisle, Andrew Birrell, Richard Huyda, and Lilly Koltun, and learned a great deal about the history of art and photography in this country from many knowledgeable colleagues, including Martha Cooke, Lydia Foy, and Gilbert Gignac.
As a native-born Ottawan, my research into the history of art in Ottawa has been encouraged and supported by three successive Ottawa Art Gallery directors, Mayo Graham, Mela Constantinidi, and Alexandra Badzak, and by curators Pierre Arpin, Melanie Scott, Catherine Sinclair, Michelle Gewurtz, and Rebecca Basciano. I have also had the privilege of working with many eminent art historians, including J. Russell Harper, Charlie Hill, Rosemarie Tovell, Mario Béland, Daniel Drouin, Robert Stacey, Mary Allodi, and Stephen Otto, from whom I learned so much more about Canadian art as well. There are many others too numerous to mention who have encouraged and supported my efforts, and I hope they will understand that I cannot list them all.
This book would never have come about without the urging of Dr. Sara Angel and the assistance of the staff of the Art Canada Institute, especially Dr. Jocelyn Anderson. Finally, I must acknowledge how much I rely on the love and support given to me by my wife Sheila Powell, who has always been there for me, and who enabled me to carry out so much of my work while we were raising our sons Eric and Ross together.
From the ACI
The Art Canada Institute gratefully acknowledges the generosity of the Lead Title Sponsor of this book, Trinity Development Foundation, and the Associate Title Sponsors, Lawson Hunter and the Stonecroft Foundation for the Arts.
We thank the Founding Sponsor of the Art Canada Institute: BMO Financial Group.
The ACI also thanks the other Title Sponsors of the 2021–2022 Canadian Online Art Book Project: Marilyn and Charles Baillie; Alexandra Bennett in memory of Jalynn Bennett; the Circle of Supporters for Canadian Women Artists; Kiki and Ian Delaney; Blake C. Goldring; and the Honourable Margaret Norrie McCain.
We thank the 2021–2022 Season Sponsors of the Art Canada Institute: the Connor, Clark & Lunn Foundation; The Scott Griffin Foundation; The McLean Foundation; and The Jack Weinbaum Family Foundation.
We are grateful to the Art Canada Institute Leaders: Anonymous; Anonymous; Alexandra Baillie; John and Katia Bianchini; Christopher Bredt and Jamie Cameron; Linda and Steven Diener; Roger and Kevin Garland; Joan and Martin Goldfarb; Tim and Darka Griffin; Lawson Hunter; Richard and Donna Ivey; The Michael and Sonja Koerner Charitable Foundation; Alan and Patricia Koval Foundation; McCarthy Tétrault LLP; Bill Morneau and Nancy McCain Foundation at Toronto Foundation; Partners in Art; Sandra and Jim Pitblado; Tim and Frances Price; Gerald Sheff and Shanitha Kachan Charitable Foundation; The Donald R. Sobey Foundation; The Stonecroft Foundation for the Arts; TD Bank Group; Fred Waks; Bruce V. Walter and Erica Walter; Eberhard and Jane Zeidler; and Sara and Michael Angel.
Appreciation goes as well to our Patrons: Anonymous; Diana Billes; Eric and Jodi Block; Malcolm Burrows and Barbara Dick; Debra and Barry Campbell; Anne-Marie Canning; Cowley Abbott; Lilly Fenig; Jane and Michael Freund; Leslie S. Gales and Keith Ray; The Lindy Green Family Charitable Foundation; Reesa Greenberg; Jane Huh; Elaine Kierans and Shawn McReynolds; Trina McQueen; Gilles and Julia Ouellette; Judith and Wilson Rodger; Fred and Beverly Schaeffer; Michael Simmonds and Steven M. Wilson; Andrew Stewart and Kathy Mills; Carol Weinbaum; and Robin and David Young.
Gratitude goes as well to our Founding Patrons, who supported the Art Canada Institute in its first year: Jalynn Bennett, The Butterfield Family Foundation, David and Vivian Campbell, Albert E. Cummings, The Fleck Family, Roger and Kevin Garland, Glorious and Free Foundation, Gluskin Sheff + Associates, The Scott Griffin Foundation, Gershon Iskowitz Foundation, The Michael and Sonja Koerner Charitable Foundation, Michelle Koerner and Kevin Doyle, Phil Lind and Ellen Roland, Sarah and Tom Milroy, Partners in Art, Sandra L. Simpson, Stephen Smart, Nalini and Tim Stewart, and Robin and David Young.
The Art Canada Institute would like to thank the following for their assistance: Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston (Jennifer Nicoll); Alan Klinkoff Gallery, Toronto (Alan Klinkoff); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Alexa Magladry); Archives of Ontario, Toronto (Anne Williams); Archives nationales à Gatineau (Jacinthe Duval); Arsenal Contemporary, New York; Art45 (Serge Vaisman); Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton (Danielle Siemens); Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto (Alexandra Cousins, Tracy Mallon-Jensen); Art Gallery of Vancouver (Danielle Currie); Art Windsor Essex (Nicole McCabe); Bau-Xi Gallery, Toronto (Ellen Kirwin); Biodiversity Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, D.C.; Bon Echo Provincial Park, Kaladar (Lisa Roach); Bridgeman Images (Joanna Smith, Tim Davis); Bytown Museum, Ottawa (Grant Vogl); Canada Council Art Bank, Ottawa (Martha Young); Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa (Geneviève Desrochers); Canadian Knowledge Research Network, Ottawa; Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (Tanya Anderson, Anneh Fletcher, Shannon Mooney); Canadian War Museum, Ottawa (Shannyn Johnson); Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa (Sandra Dyck, Danielle Printup); Central Art Garage, Ottawa (Danny Hussey); City of Lethbridge Art Collection (Jillian Bracken); City of Ottawa Archives (Theresa Sorel, et al); City of Ottawa Public Art Program (Meaghan Haughian, Sarah Patterson, Kristen Saar); Copyright Visual Arts, Ottawa (Marcia Lea); Cowley Abbott, Toronto (Rob Cowley, Louise Dudley); Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Indigenous Art Collection, Gatineau (Kevin Sakolinsky); Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa (Devin Brazeau); Dorset Fine Arts (David Hannan); Estate of James Boyd; Estate of Lynne Cohen (Andrew Lugg); Estate of Kathleen Daly Pepper (Patrick Daly); Estate of Alma Duncan (Anne Maheux); Estate of Ernest Fosbery; Estate of Juan Geuer (Sunniva Geuer); Estate of Malak Karsh (Sidney Karsh); Estate of Yousuf Karsh (Julie Grahame); Estate of Kenneth Lochhead (Allan Lochhead, Joanne Lochhead); Estate of Henri Masson (Huguette Masson); Estate of David B. Milne (David Milne); Estate of Kazuo Nakamura (Elaine Nakamura); Estate of Ron Noganosh (Maxine Bedyn); Estate of William Ogilvie; Estate of Arthur Price (Rene Price); Estate of Robert Rosewarne; Estate of Victor Tolgesy (Tina Tolgyesy); Estate of Dennis Tourbin (Nadia Laham); Estate of Gerald Trottier (Denise Trottier); Gander Heritage Trails; Gardiner Museum, Toronto (Christina MacDonald); Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Global Affairs Canada Visual Art Collection, Ottawa; Heffel Fine Art Auction House, Calgary (Molly Tonken); Kinsman Robinson Galleries, Toronto (Paul Robinson); Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa; Levis Fine Art Auctions, Calgary (Andrea Lowe, Cheryl Sonley); Lost Ottawa (David McGee); MacKenzie Art Gallery, Regina; Masters Gallery Ltd., Calgary; McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg (Janine Butler, Hanna Broker); Mira Godard Gallery, Toronto (Gisella Giacalone); Montréal Museum of Fine Arts (Marie-Claude Saia); Montréal Tourism; Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (Véronique Greaves); Museum London (Krista Hamlin, Janice Lopes); National Capital Commission, Ottawa; National Film Board of Canada, Montréal (Alexandra Hubert); National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (Raven Amiro, Véronique Malouin); National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C.; New York Public Library, Rare Book Division; Omàmiwininì Pimàdjwowin: Algonquin Way Cultural Centre, Golden Lake; Ontario Parks, Peterborough (Megan Birrell); Ottawa Art Gallery (Jennifer Gilliland, Catherine Sinclair); Postmedia (Elena Novikova, Donna Suarez); Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa (Sonya Jones); Roberts Gallery, Toronto (Charlene Wildridge); Rodman Hall Art Centre, St. Catherines (Marcie Bronson); SAW Gallery, Ottawa (Tam-Ca Vo-Van, Jason St-Laurent); Shoebox Studio, Ottawa (Sam Hopkins); SOCAN (Gilles Lessard, Jane Labiak); Southern Alberta Art Gallery, Lethbridge (Su Ying Strang, Adam Whitford); The Brechin Group, Ottawa (Jacqueline Vincent); Toronto Public Library (Christopher Coutlee, Beau Levitt, et al); University of Ottawa (Bonnie Findley, Isabelle Mailloux); University of Toronto Archives; University of Toronto Libraries; Vancouver Art Gallery (Danielle Currie); Waddington’s Auctioneers and Appraisers (Kendra Popelas); Wapikoni Mobile, Montréal (Isabel Kastrup); ZKF Publishers, Altenstadt, Germany; and Barry Ace, Stéphane Alexis, David Barbour, Eva Blue, Olivia Bowden, Stephen Braithwaite, Simon Brascoupé, Jim Burant, Craig Commanda, Duncan de Kergommeaux, Tim desClouds, Ross Dunn, Pat Durr, Evergon, nichola feldman-kiss, Tony Fouhse, Chantal Gervais, Lorraine Gilbert, Eliza Griffiths, Patrice James, Olivia Johnston, Farouk Kaspaules, Whitney Lewis-Smith, Jane Martin, Penny McCann, Gerald McMaster, Meryl McMaster, Orpheus Morgan, Richard Nigro, Russell Ratt Brascoupé, Leslie Reid, Andrew Rookley, Mana Rouholamini, Frank Shebageget, Michael Snow, Barry Spackman, Norman Takeuchi, Takao Tanabe, Jeff Thomas, Amy Thompson, Justin Wonnacott, and Jinny Yu.
The ACI recognizes the additional private collectors who have given permission for their works to be published in this edition.
Image Sources
Every effort has been made to secure permissions for all copyrighted material. The Art Canada Institute will gladly correct any errors or omissions.
Credits for Cover Images
David B. Milne, Old R.C.M.P. Barracks II, 17 January 1924. (See below for details).
John By, Chaudière Falls, Ottawa River, Upper Canada (Ottawa, Ontario), 1826. (See below for details.)
Meryl McMaster, Bring Me to This Place, 2017. (See below for details.)
Ernest Fosbery, Ottawa, May 21, 1914. (See below for details.)
Credits for Banners
Preface: Florence H. McGillivray, Gatineau Covered Bridge, c.1925. (See below for details.)
Historical Overview: Ernest Fosbery, Ottawa, May 21, 1914. (See below for details.)
Institutions & Associations: William J. Topley, Members of the Ottawa School of Art, March 1890. (See below for details.)
Community Builders: Jeff Thomas, Greg Hill in His Cereal Box Canoe, Ottawa, Ontario, 2000. (See below for details.)
Sources & Resources: City of Ottawa, Canada with Views of Principal Business Buildings, 1895. (See below for details.)
Where to See: Installation view of Àdisòkàmagan / We’ll All Become Stories / Nous connaître un peu nous-mêmes: A Survey of Art in the Ottawa-Gatineau Region, Ottawa Art Gallery, 2018. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery. Photo credit: Justin Wonnacott.
Copyright & Credits: Walter Chesterton, Old Dufferin and Sapper’s Bridges, Ottawa, 1877. (See below for details.)
Afterglow, c.1914, by Florence H. McGillivray. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased from the artist, 1914 (1041). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Agnes Etherington Art Centre director Robert Swain with Mary and John Robertson on the occasion of their donation of Inuit art to the gallery, 1986, photographer unknown. Courtesy of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston.
Alma Duncan (left), animation artist, and Nina Finn, of the NFB music department, 1949, by G. Blouin. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010955754-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Ancient Meeting, 1960, by Kiakshuk. Collection of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Gift of John Robertson, 1985 (28-168). Courtesy of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre. Reproduced with the permission of Dorset Fine Arts.
Annie and Andre, 2009, by Annie Pootoogook. Collection of the McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg, Gift from the Christopher Bredt and Jamie Cameron Collection (2016.10.8). Courtesy of the McMichael Canadian Art Collection. Reproduced with the permission of Dorset Fine Arts. Photo credit: Alex Cousins.
Anticock coat, date unknown, by Iglulik artist. Collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, donated by Captain George Comer, 1902 (60 / 4440 A). Courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History.
Approach to Hull, 1937, by Wilfrid Flood. Collection of the Ottawa Art Gallery, Gift of George Heaslip, 2016 (2016.02.01). Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery. Photo credit: Justin Wonnacott.
Armband, before 1913, anonymous maker from Kitigan Zibi. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (III-L-16 a-b). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Arts Court Building, Ottawa, 2008. Courtesy of Flickr. Photo credit: Fred Seibert.
At Connaught Park, near Ottawa, 1913, by Madge Macbeth. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a137941-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
The Beach, St. Kitts, 1913, by Franklin Brownell. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Edith Wilson, Ottawa, 1923, in memory of Senator and Mrs. W.C. Edwards (2033). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
The Beggar at the Door, 1930, by Franklin Brownell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c010586k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
The Blue Gloves, c.1923, by William Nicholson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the Massey Collection of English Painting, 1946 (4804). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Bombed Out (Refugees), c.1943, by William Ogilvie. Collection of the Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa, Gift of Jack and Frances Barwick, 1985 (1985.48). Courtesy of the Carleton University Art Gallery. Photo credit: Justin Wonnacott.
Bridges Erected Across the Ottawa River at the Chaudière Falls (Truss Bridge), after 1827, by John Burrows. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c016331k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Bringing Home Food, 2003–4, by Annie Pootoogook. Collection of the McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg, Gift from the Christopher Bredt and Jamie Cameron Collection (2016.10.5). Courtesy of the McMichael Canadian Art Collection. Reproduced with the Permission of Dorset Fine Arts. Photo credit: Alex Cousins.
Bytown Bridges, c.1835, by John Burrows. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c092924k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Byward Market, c.1915, by Franklin Brownell. Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Gift of the Canadian National Exhibition Association, 1965 (68). Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Photo credit: Art Gallery of Ontario.
Canadian Airmen in a Park, 1944, by Goodridge Roberts. Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa (CWM19710261-5005). Courtesy of the Canadian War Museum.
Cape Dorset Freezer, 2005, by Annie Pootoogook. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2007 (42155). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of Dorset Fine Arts. Photo credit: NGC.
Caretaker—Victoria Chambers, c.1881, by John W.H. Watts. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2009 (42549). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Carte de la Nouvelle-France, 1632, by Samuel de Champlain. Alexander E. MacDonald Canadiana Collection, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010694118-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Château Laurier, 1911, by Richard Rummell. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e000700000-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Chaudière Falls, Ottawa River, Upper Canada (Ottawa, Ontario), 1826, by John By. Baldwin Collection of Canadiana, Toronto Public Library (PICTURES-R-805). Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.
Cheveux-Relevez (Algonquins), 1632, by Samuel de Champlain. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c-113067). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
City of Ottawa, Canada with Views of Principal Business Buildings, 1895, published by Toronto Lithographing Company. Collection of the Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington (G3464.O8A3 1895. T6). Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.
Colonel By Watching the Building of the Rideau Canal, c.1930–31, by Charles William Jefferys. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c073703k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Construction of Canadian Pavilion for Expo 67, 1966, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011171632-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Contest of Strength, 1955, by unknown Inuit artist. Collection of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Gift of John and Mary Robertson, 1995 (38-017.09). Courtesy of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre.
Corbeau, a Trotting Horse, 1845, by Robert C. Todd. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1987 (29783). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
The Countess of Minto, 1903, by Robert Harris. Collection of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Purchase, John W. Tempest Fund (1903.66). Courtesy of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Photo credit: MBAM.
Court House, Nicholas and Daly Streets, c.1870–80, by William J. Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a012412-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Cover of Annie Pootoogook: Kinngait Compositions, 2011. Published by the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston.
Cover of Canadian Art, 1959, by Gerald Trottier. Courtesy of Estate of Gerald Trottier. Photo credit: Shoebox Studio, Ottawa.
Cover of City on the Ottawa: A Detailed Historical Guide to Ottawa, 1967. Published by the National Capital Commission, Ottawa.
Cover of History of Art and Artists of Ottawa and Surroundings, 1790–1970, Part II: The Fine Arts in Ottawa, 1880–1945, 1994, by Jim Burant. Published by the Ottawa Art Gallery. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery.
Cover of Maritime Art, December 1942–January 1943. Photo Credit: Canadian Art Books, Toronto.
Cover of Pat Durr: Persistence of Chaos, 2012. Published by the Ottawa Art Gallery.
Cover of Statues and Monuments in Ottawa and Hull, 1963. Published by the National Capital Commission, Ottawa.
Cover of Three Centuries of Woodlands Indian Art, 2007, ed. Jonathan C.H. King, and Christian F. Feest. Published by ZKF Publishers, Altenstadt, Germany.
Cover of Visual Arts Ottawa Survey Exhibition No. 1 exhibition catalogue, 1975. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery.
Cover of Wyse Works: Exposing the Inevitable, 2011. Published by the Ottawa Art Gallery.
Daffodil, c. 1940, by Lionel LeMoine FitzGerald. Collection of the Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa, Gift of Jack and Frances Barwick, 1985 (1985.10). Courtesy of the Carleton University Art Gallery. Photo credit: Justin Wonnacott.
A Descent of Lilies, 1935, by Pegi Nicol MacLeod. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchase, 1993 (37056). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada.
Dish with Dogwood Flower, 1891, by Mary Dignam. Collection of Barbara and Peter Sutton-Smith, Gardiner Museum, Toronto (G11.8.6). Courtesy of the Gardiner Museum.
Dive Bombing, V1 Sites, France, 1945, by Robert Hyndman. Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa (CWM 19710261-6450). Courtesy of the Canadian War Museum.
Drawing of Juliette Gaultier de la Vérendrye, 1927, by W. Langdon Kihn. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (2013.65.1). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Elgin Street, Ottawa, 1880, by John W.H. Watts. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Isabel Pike, Ottawa, 1979 (28528). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Entrance to the Rideau Canal, Ottawa River, Canada, 1833, by Henry Pooley. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1982 (28026). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
European Galleries, Lorne Building, 1966, by John Evans. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
F. Maud Brown (Mrs. Eric Brown), c. 1925, by Ashley & Crippen. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of F. Maud Brown, Ottawa, 1977 (20517). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Faculty Poster for the Visual Arts Department, Université d’Ottawa, c.1977. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery archives.
Fancy Ball Given by the Governor General Lord Dufferin at Rideau Hall on February 23, 1876, May 1876, by William J. Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Gas Attack, Liéven, 1918, by A.Y. Jackson. Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa (CWM19710261-0179). Courtesy of the Canadian War Museum.
Golden Age, 1916, by Franklin Brownell. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1916 (1284). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
A Group of Cameramen Outside the Canadian Government Motion Picture Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, 1923, by Eugene M. Finn. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a066897). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Group Portrait of the Canadian Authors Association, August 1940, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e008406116-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Guide to the Grand Dominion Exhibition, 1879. Jordan Special Collections: Canadian Pamphlet Collection, Queen’s University Library, Kingston. Courtesy of Queen’s University Library.
Having Some Tea, 2006, by Annie Pootoogook. City of Ottawa Public Art Collection (2018-0032). Courtesy of the City of Ottawa Public Art Collection. Reproduced with the Permission of Dorset Fine Arts.
Hazelton, 1928, by Pegi Nicol MacLeod. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Margaret Shugg, Ottawa, 2000, in memory of O.J.W. Shugg (40366). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Le Hibou, Exterior, 521 Sussex Drive, after 1965. Courtesy of Flickr. Photo credit: Ross Dunn.
Le Hibou, Interior, 521 Sussex Drive, after 1965. Courtesy of Flickr. Photo credit: Ross Dunn.
Home of Andrew W. Fleck, Secretary-Treasurer of the Canada Atlantic Railway, 500 Wilbrod, October 1902, by William J. Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a180228-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
House of A.W. Fleck, October 1902, by William J. Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a183226-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Illustration from Illustrations of the American Ornithology of Alexander Wilson and Charles Lucian Bonaparte, c.1835, by Thomas Brown. Edinburgh: Frazer & Company, 1835. Collection of the Biodiversity Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, D.C. (n94_w1150). Courtesy of the Biodiversity Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libraries.
Illustration from Victoria Regia: or, Illustrations of the Royal water-lily, c.1851, by Sir William Jackson Hooker. London: Reeve and Benham, 1851. Collection of the New York Public Library, Rare Book Division (b14444137). Courtesy of the New York Public Library.
In The Nickel Belt, 1928, by Franklin Carmichael, Firestone Collection of Canadian Art, the Ottawa Art Gallery, Donated to the City of Ottawa by the Ontario Heritage Foundation (FAC 0108). Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery archives.
Installation view of Àdisòkàmagan / Nous connaître un peu nous-mêmes / We’ll All Become Stories: A Survey of Art in the Ottawa-Gatineau Region, Ottawa Art Gallery, 2018. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery. Photo credit: Justin Wonnacott.
Installation view of Canadian Section of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park in 1924.
James Ballantyne (extreme left) with members of the Ottawa Camera Club, c.1895, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a126331). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
James Wilson, c.1930, by Ernest Fosbery. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Royal Canadian Academy of Arts diploma work, deposited by the artist, Ottawa, 1931 (3981). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. Photo credit: NGC.
John Grierson (left), Chairman of the Wartime Information Board, meeting with Ralph Foster, 1944, by Ronny Jacques. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a179108). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
John Robertson and the Rt. Hon. Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada, at the opening of an exhibition at Robertson Galleries, 1953, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (PA-193070). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Joseph and Marie-Louise, c.1930, by Sarah Robertson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Vincent Massey Bequest, 1968 (15545). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Joseph B. Turgeon, c.1848–50, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e011154388_s2-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Juliette Gaultier de la Vérendrye, date unknown, photographer unknown. Collection of Laval University (11-p.chanteusenord_2a). Courtesy of Laval University.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish, 1902, by John Singer Sargent. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth House Trust, Derbyshire, U.K. (CTS336420). Reproduced by permission of Chatsworth Settlement Trustees/Bridgeman Images.
Lamplight, 1892, by Franklin Brownell. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1893 (66). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Lord Dufferin, c.1873, by William J. Topley. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1972 (34993.66). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Lower Bytown from Barrack Hill near the Head of the Eighth Lock and the Sapper’s Bridge, 1845, by Thomas Burrowes. Collection of the Archives of Ontario, Toronto (I0002129). Courtesy of the Archives of Ontario.
Marquis of Lorne Presiding over the Grand Dominion Exhibition, 1880. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (127). Courtesy of Canadian Research Knowledge Network, Canadiana Project.
Matthew Bernard, c.1950s. Courtesy of Omàmiwininì Pimàdjwowin: Algonquin Way Cultural Centre, Golden Lake. Photo credit: Bill Sterling.
Members of the Massey Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters, and Sciences, 1951, University of Toronto Archives (2001-77-189MS). Courtesy of the University of Toronto Archives.
Mela Constantinidi speaking at the Get Smart for Art Event, 1998, photograph by Rémi Thériault. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery Archives.
Members of the Ottawa School of Art, March 1890, by William J. Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a201228-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Midwinter, Dunbarton, Ontario, 1918, by Florence H. McGillivray. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchase 1918 (1490). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Moccasins, before 1972, by Sarah Lavalley. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (III-L-282 a-b). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Mrs. Jennie Russell Simpson, c.1936, by John Powis. Collection of the Bytown Museum, Ottawa (P-39). Courtesy of the Bytown Museum.
The Nascopie, 1938, by Frederick Varley. Collection of The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa, Gift of M. Sharf, 1983 (1983VF105). Courtesy of The Robert McLaughlin Gallery.
National Film Board Animation Department, Norman McLaren at work, October 1947, by J.B. Scott. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a160596). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, 1992. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. Photo credit: Timothy Hursley.
Near Old Sly’s, Rideau, c.1830, by James Pattinson Cockburn. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, (c012607k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Northern River, 1915, by Tom Thomson. Collection of National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1915 (1055). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
O.J. Firestone giving a tour of the Firestone Residence, Ottawa, c.1960s, photographer unknown. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery archives.
O.J. Firestone in his residence, c.1960s, by John Reeves. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery archives.
Old Dufferin and Sapper’s Bridges, Ottawa, 1877, by Walter Chesterton. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c000605k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Old R.C.M.P. Barracks II, January 17, 1924, by David B. Milne. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1924 (3017r). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Opening of the First Royal Canadian Academy Exhibition by the Marquis of Lorne, Ottawa, March 6, 1880, date unknown, artist unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c072872-v8). Courtesy of Canada Research Knowledge Network, Canadiana Project.
Ottawa, May 21, 1914, by Ernest Fosbery. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchase, 1914 (1009). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Ottawa City Canada West, (Lower Town) Government Hill, Looking down the Ottawa River and Showing the Locks of the Rideau Canal, 1855, by Edwin Whitefield. Collection of Library and Archives Canada (C-014344). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Ottawa City, Canada West, (Lower Town) from Government Hill, Looking down the Ottawa River and Showing the Locks of the Rideau Canal, 1855, by Edwin Whitefield. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c000600k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Ottawa from the Rideau, 1873, by Lucius R. O’Brien. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the National Capital Commission (Mackenzie King Estate Collection), Ottawa, 1990 (30573). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Page from catalogue for Canadian folk song and handicrafts festival, May 20–21, 1927. Collection of University of Toronto Libraries. Courtesy of University of Toronto Libraries.
Pakigino kabodawayan [buckskin jacket], 1969, by Sarah Lavalley. Courtesy of Ottawa Art Gallery.
Parliament Buildings, Ottawa, c.1866, by James Duncan. Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e000756762). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Part of the Chaudière Falls, near Wright’s Town (Ottawa, Ontario), 1821, by John Elliott Woolford. Baldwin Collection of Canadiana, Toronto Public Library (PICTURES-R-1453). Courtesy of the Toronto Public Library.
Percé Rock, c.1913, by Franklin Brownell. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Bequest of P. D. Ross, 1950 (6076). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Perilous Situation of a Raft, Chaudière Falls, Ottawa, Canada, 1855, by William S. Hunter Jr. Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e002291397-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Petawawa Gorges, Night, 1916, by Tom Thomson. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Vincent Massey Bequest, 1968 (15548). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Pictographic representations found at Mazinaw Lake, n.d, photographer unknown. Bon Echo Provincial Park, Kaladar, Ontario Parks. Courtesy of Ontario Parks.
Pictographic representations found at Mazinaw Lake, n.d, photographer unknown. Bon Echo Provincial Park, Kaladar, Ontario Parks. Courtesy of Ontario Parks.
The Photographer, 1896, by Franklin Brownell. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Royal Canadian Academy of Arts diploma work, deposited by the artist, Ottawa, 1896 (126). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Ottawa. Photo credit: NGC.
Portrait in the Evening, 1926, by Pegi Nicol MacLeod. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1927 (3510). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Portrait of a Famous One-Eyed Man (Portrait d’un Illustre borgne), n.d., by Louis Nicolas. Collection of the Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Courtesy of the Gilcrease Museum.
Portrait of Eric Brown, National Gallery Director, c.1930, by John Vanderpant. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a195927-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Portrait of Jane Hopper Sproule, c.1837, by Robert A. Sproule. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e008300524-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Portrait of John W.H. Watts, 1884, by Charles E. Moss. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of Maria Watts deBlois, Ottawa, 1980 (23643). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Portrait of the Marquis of Lorne, 1884, by John Everett Millais. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the artist, through the Marquis of Lorne, London, England, 1884 (82). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Poster for Blinkity Blank, 1955, by Norman McLaren. Collection of the National Film Board of Canada, Montreal. Courtesy of the National Film Board.
Poster for Gilmour and Co. Lumbering Industries.
Poster for the Visual Arts Department, Université d’Ottawa, c.1977, by Suzanne Rivard-LeMoyne.
Rideau Canal, Ottawa, Canada, 1833, by Henry Pooley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c003585k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Right Honourable Vincent Massey, 18th Governor General of Canada on his 70th birthday, 1957. City of Ottawa Archives, Andrews-Newton Photographers Fonds (34-D-77). Courtesy of City of Ottawa Archives.
Royal Canadian Academy of Arts Exhibition at the National Gallery of Canada, 1900, by William J. Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a028159). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Salmon in the Galley, 1944, by Pegi Nicol Macleod. Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa (CWM 19710261-5806). Courtesy of the Canadian War Museum.
Salvation Army Depot Lloyd Street, 1963–64, by Ralph Burton. R.W. Burton Fonds, Collection of the City of Ottawa Archives (39-D-80). Courtesy of the City of Ottawa Archives.
San Giorgio Venice, before 1931, by Florence H. McGillivray. Collection of the Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton, Gift of the Artist, 1931. Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Alberta.
Sarah Lavalley at Opeongo Lake, 1967, by Joan Burant. Collection of the author. Courtesy of Jim Burant.
Second Canadian International Salon of Photography, 1935, by Clifford M. Johnston. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a056886-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Selection Jury for the Canadian Fine Arts Section of the British Empire Exhibitions at Wembley, National Gallery of Canada, 1924, by Hands Studio. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (3361436). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Self Portrait, 1881, by William Brymner. Collection of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Brymner Dawson, 2010 (53-052). Courtesy of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre.
Self-Portrait, c.1837, by Robert A. Sproule. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e008300521-v6). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Sir Arthur Doughty, Dominion Archivist, c.1920, by Pittaway Studio. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c051653). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Sketchbook [Ships], 1776–86, by Thomas Davies. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1982 (26954.1-34). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Small Jug with Stylized Flowers, 1909, by Florence H. McGillivray. Collection of the Gardiner Museum, Toronto, Gift of Barbara M. Mitchell (G14.7.1). Courtesy of the Gardiner Museum.
Spring in the Ravine, c.1933, by Frances Hodgkins. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of the Massey Collection of English Painting, 1946 (4772). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Still photo from Narcissus, 1983, by Norman McLaren. Collection of the National Film Board of Canada, Montreal. Courtesy of the National Film Board.
Still photo from Neighbours, 1952, by Norman McLaren. Collection of the National Film Board of Canada, Montreal. Courtesy of the National Film Board.
The Storm, c.1918, by Ernest Fosbery. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1918 (1495). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Study for “Portrait in the Evening” (Eric Brown), c.1926–27, by Pegi Nicol MacLeod. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Gift of F. Maud Brown, Ottawa, 1970 (15929). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Sugar Time, Quebec, signed and dated 1945, by Albert Cloutier. Private collection. Courtesy of Cowley Abbott, Toronto.
Tattannaaeuk, Esquimaux [Inuit] Interpreter—Named, by the English…Augustus, 1913, by Jenny Russell Simpson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (e010767984-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Tikinagan (baby carrier), 1962, by Lena Nottaway. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (III-L-475). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
The Timber and Shipbuilding Yards of Allan Gilmour and Company at Wolfe’s Cove, Quebec, Viewed from the West, 1840, by Robert C. Todd. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1987 (29696). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
The Toilers, after Millet, prior to 1948, by Clifford M. Johnston. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a057792-v8). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Totem Poles, Kitseukla, 1912, by Emily Carr. Collection of the Vancouver Art Gallery, Founders’ Fund (VAG 37.2). Courtesy of the Vancouver Art Gallery. Photo credit: Trevor Mills.
Untitled (Kenojuak and Annie with Governor General Michaëlle Jean), 2010, by Annie Pootoogook. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 2010 (43064). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
Victor Tolgesy sculpture installed at Wellington Street and Lyon Street, June 1969, by UPI/Ottawa Citizen staff photographer. Courtesy of Postmedia.
View from the Foot of Wellington Street, Ottawa, c.1890, by John William Hurrell Watts. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c141811). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
View of Gallery, Victoria Hall, Ottawa, c.1892, photographer unknown. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Library and Archives, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada.
View of Horace-ville [sic] on the Ottawa River, Upper Canada, c.1839, by Mary-Anne Pinhey. W.H. Coverdale Collection of Canadiana, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c040792k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
View of Locks, Entrance of Rideau Canal, Ottawa City, Canada, 1855, by William S. Hunter Jr. Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c002779k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
A View of the Mill and Tavern of Philemon Wright at the Chaudière Falls, Hull on the Ottawa River, 1823, by Henry Du Vernet. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c-000608k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
View of Queen Street Looking West During the Hull-Ottawa Fire of 1900, April 26, 1900, photographer unknown. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a120334). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
View of the Great Falls on the Ottawa River, Lower Canada, 1791, by Thomas Davies. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa (6287), Purchased 1954. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada. Photo credit: NGC.
View of the Old Masters Gallery of the National Gallery of Canada in the Victoria Memorial Museum Building, Ottawa, 1959, photographer unknown. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives, Ottawa. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada.
View of the Taking of Quebec, 13 Sept 1759, 1761, by Hervey Smyth. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
View Taken from Wright’s Island on the Gatineau River at Farmer’s Rapids, 1879, by Jenny Russell Simpson. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (c003516k). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
The Watering Place, 1895–96, by William Ide. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a125108). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Wìgwàs wìgwemad (Algonquin type birchbark container), before 1938, unknown creator. Collection of the Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau (III-L-378 a-b). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of History.
Wìgwàs wìgwemad màmawe anìbìsh mazinàdahigan, Birchbark Basket with Leaf Motif, date unknown, by Samuel Dubé. Kitigan Zibi Collection. Courtesy of the Ottawa Art Gallery. Photo Credit: Justin Wonnacott.
Wigwemod (bark container) [Bucket with maple-sugaring scene], c.1925, unknown creator. Collection of the National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Wilfrid Laurier, M.P. (Quebec East, Quebec), 1883, by William J. Topley. Collection of Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa (a025636). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/The Brechin Group Inc.
Wolf Crossing a Lake, 1923, by Frank Hennessey. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Purchased 1926 (3357). Courtesy of the National Gallery of Canada.
Art Canada Institute
Massey College, University of Toronto
4 Devonshire Place
Toronto, ON M5S 2E1
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Ottawa art & artists : an illustrated history / Jim Burant.
Other titles: Ottawa art and artists
Names: Burant, Jim, author. | Art Canada Institute, issuing body.
Description: Issued also in French under title: Art et artistes d’Ottawa : une histoire illustrée.
Identifiers: Canadiana 20220219966 | ISBN 9781487102890 (HTML) | ISBN 9781487102906 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Art, Canadian—Ontario—Ottawa—History. | LCSH: Art—Ontario—Ottawa—History. | LCSH: Artists—Ontario—Ottawa.
Classification: LCC N6547.O8 B88 2022 | DDC 709.713/84—dc23
Jim Burant is an Adjunct Professor of Art History at Carleton University, as well as Director of the Ontario Region of the National Archival Appraisal Board of Canada.
About the Author
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